色谱 ›› 2021, Vol. 39 ›› Issue (5): 455-462.DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1123.2020.07004

• 专论与综述 • 上一篇    下一篇

固相萃取材料在金属离子前处理应用中的研究进展

邢仕歌, 贺木易, 刘通, 雍炜, 张峰*()   

  1. 中国检验检疫科学研究院食品安全研究所, 北京 100176
  • 收稿日期:2020-07-06 出版日期:2021-05-08 发布日期:2021-03-31
  • 通讯作者: 张峰
  • 作者简介:Tel:(010)53897010,E-mail:fengzhangchem@yahoo.com,fengzhang@126.com.
  • 基金资助:
    国家重点研发计划(2018YFC1603700);国家“万人计划”科技创新领军人才项目(张峰).

Research progress of solid phase extraction materials in the application of metal ion pretreatment

XING Shige, HE Muyi, LIU Tong, YONG Wei, ZHANG Feng*()   

  1. Institute of Food Safety, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100176, China
  • Received:2020-07-06 Online:2021-05-08 Published:2021-03-31
  • Contact: ZHANG Feng
  • Supported by:
    National Key Research and Development Program of China(2018YFC1603700);National “Ten Thousand Plan” Scientific and Technological Innovation Leading Talent Project (Feng ZHANG).

摘要:

为避免摄入过量重金属、危害人类健康,应提高对金属离子的检测能力。常用的金属检测技术如电感耦合等离子体质谱、电热原子吸收光谱、火焰原子吸收光谱等可以有效识别痕量重金属,并且具有多组分分析能力以及检出限低、产量高等优点。但复杂样品本身浓度较低且基质干扰大,因此检测前需进行前处理以消除基质干扰,满足低浓度和小体积样品的检测需求。固相萃取是富集样品中金属离子常用的方法之一,开发能够进行高效、快速富集分离的固相萃取新材料及前处理技术是金属离子检测的关键。限制接触碳纳米管、纳米吸附剂、纳米粒子载体、磁性纳米粒子等纳米材料可提供大的比表面积和可调的官能团,以促进金属离子吸收,其优越的光学性能则可用于荧光和比色检测;高分子聚合物具有卓越的机械性能和化学稳定性,可用于微量金属粒子的前富集、分离和检测;离子印迹聚合物对目标离子具有选择性识别能力的空间结构,可以吸附待分离体系中的金属离子;双功能材料可同时进行多种金属离子的萃取和快速定量检测,新型的光敏络合物则可以将结合态的金属离子转变为游离态,使其被多种生物传感器快速检测,也可以研究生物体内金属离子的信号传递过程。该文综述了纳米材料、聚合物、功能材料等新型固相萃取材料的特点及在复杂样品前处理中的应用和研究进展,并对其未来发展方向进行了展望。

关键词: 固相萃取, 金属离子, 纳米材料, 高分子聚合物, 综述

Abstract:

Monitoring of trace heavy metal pollutants released during industrial and agricultural processes is essential because of their widespread distribution in the environment and health hazards. Several techniques, including inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES), electrothermal atomic absorption (ETAAS), and flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS), have been proposed for the determination of heavy metals in serum, plasma, whole blood, and food. All these techniques have earned robust recognition in the field of trace heavy metals and have many advantages such as multi-elemental analysis capability, large dynamic linear range, low detection limits, and high productivity. Nevertheless, most of the recommended techniques require digestion of the sample and extraction with an organic solvent for isolation of the metal ion from the sample solution prior to analysis. Despite improvements in the performance of modern analytical instruments, the direct determination of heavy metal ions in real samples is difficult because of their low concentration levels and matrix interference. Thus, extraction and clean-up steps are required for pre-concentration of the analyte, so that detection and elimination of the interfering matrix component are possible. Solid-phase extraction (SPE) is one of the popular metal ion pretreatment methods. The advantages of SPE include easy cartridge/column regeneration, high analytical frequency, and high preconcentration factors for sorbents with high adsorption capacities. On the other hand, when the analytes are extracted from a complex matrix such as serum and meat samples, large amounts of proteins from the samples can be retained on the sorbent surface, obstructing the binding sites on the sorbent and leading to poor precision and accuracy. The key to metal ion detection is the development of new SPE materials with high efficiency and enrichment factors as well as an effective pretreatment technology. Nanomaterials such as restricted-access carbon nanotubes, nanoadsorbents, nanoparticle carriers, and magnetic nanoparticles have shown great promise in advancing biomedical and environmental analysis because of the unique properties originating from their ultrafine dimensions. Nanomaterials can provide large specific surface areas and tunable functional groups to facilitate metal ion absorption. They could also possess superior optical properties and allow for high sensitivity in simple fluorescent or colorimetric detection methods. Owing to their excellent mechanical and chemical stability, polymer materials have been of great interest as adsorbents for the SPE of metal ions from solution. Moreover, a designed polymeric material can show triple functionality such as physical adsorption, chelate formation, and ion exchange for the target metal ions. A dual-functional nanomaterial-DNAzyme platform can simultaneously allow for the sensitive detection and effective removal of heavy metal ions in water. Thus, this platform can serve as a simple, cost-effective tool for rapid and accurate metal quantification in the determination of human metal exposure and inspection of environmental contamination. Furthermore, the new photocaged chelator can uncage and release the combined metal ions into an aqueous solution that is free of the other components of the matrix. In this manner, we can develop diagnostic tests for metal ions that are often difficult to detect using other methods. In this paper, the characteristics of new SPE materials, including nanomaterials, polymer materials, and functional materials as well as advances in their applications to the preparation of complex samples are summarized, and the direction for future development is proposed.

Key words: solid phase extraction (SPE), metal ion, nanomaterial, polymer material, review

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