色谱

色谱 ›› 2024, Vol. 42 ›› Issue (1): 64-74.DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1123.2023.04018

• 研究论文 • 上一篇    下一篇

基于响应面法的基质固相分散萃取土壤中有机磷阻燃剂

王俊霞1,2, 徐思婕1, 孙悦莹1, 雷慧慧1, 程媛媛1, 王学东1,*(), 张占恩1,2   

  1. 1.苏州科技大学环境科学与工程学院, 江苏 苏州 215009
    2.苏州科技大学江苏省环境科学与工程重点实验室, 江苏 苏州 215009
  • 收稿日期:2023-04-15 出版日期:2024-01-08 发布日期:2024-01-10
  • 通讯作者: *Tel:(0512)68091496,E-mail:zjuwxd@163.com.
  • 基金资助:
    国家自然科学基金项目(22076134);国家自然科学基金项目(21876125);国家自然科学基金项目(42207479);江苏省重点研发计划项目(BE2022733)

Matrix solid-phase dispersion extraction of organophosphorus flame retardants in soil based on response surface methodology

WANG Junxia1,2, XU Sijie1, SUN Yueying1, LEI Huihui1, CHENG Yuanyuan1, WANG Xuedong1,*(), ZHANG Zhan’en1,2   

  1. 1. School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, China
    2. Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, China
  • Received:2023-04-15 Online:2024-01-08 Published:2024-01-10
  • Supported by:
    National Natural Science Foundation of China(22076134);National Natural Science Foundation of China(21876125);National Natural Science Foundation of China(42207479);Jiangsu Provincial Key Research & Development Program(BE2022733)

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摘要：

有机磷阻燃剂(OPFRs)被广泛添加于商业品和日用品中,由于具有环境持久性、生物富集性和潜在毒性,已成为一种新兴的持久性有机污染物。因此需要建立能准确定量环境中OPFRs的检测方法。该文基于基质固相分散萃取(MSPD),结合气相色谱-串联质谱(GC-MS/MS)法测定土壤中10种有机磷阻燃剂,筛选对OPFRs具有高选择性的吸附剂,最终确定MSPD最佳萃取条件。该文基于单因素分析法考察了常见吸附剂(C18、PSA、Florisil、石墨化炭黑(GCB)和多壁碳纳米管(MWCNT))及其用量、洗脱溶剂及其体积、研磨时间对OPFRs萃取效率的影响。在此结果基础上,进一步利用响应面法(RSM)考察了3个关键因素(吸附剂用量、洗脱剂用量和研磨时间)以及交互作用对OPFRs萃取效率的影响。最终确定最优条件:吸附剂GCB,用量0.3 g;洗脱溶剂乙酸乙酯,用量10 mL;研磨时间5 min,此时10种OPFR的萃取效率为87.5%。在GC-MS/MS的多反应监测模式(MRM)下,以13C-PCB208为内标物进行定量。10种OPFRs在6个浓度梯度下,获得较好的线性,相关系数大于0.998。该方法的LOD和LOQ分别为0.006~0.161 ng/g和0.020~0.531 ng/g。在最佳条件下,加标土壤中OPFRs的加标回收率为70.4%~115.4%,相对标准偏差(RSD)为0.7%~6.7%。将该方法用于苏州不同功能土壤中OPFRs的含量测定,结果表明电子厂和汽修厂土壤中OPFRs总含量显著高于稻田土和校园土,电子厂和汽修厂土壤中主要污染物为磷酸三(2-氯异丙基)酯(TCIPP)、三苯基氧化膦(TPPO)、磷酸三(2-氯乙基)酯(TCEP)和磷酸三(1,3-二氯-2-丙基)酯(TDCPP),它们在电子厂土壤中含量分别为5.30、4.44、4.54、4.20 ng/g,在汽修厂土壤中的含量分别2.70、3.93、7.60、5.04 ng/g。目前关于TPPO的土壤污染报道较少,该研究在苏州工业区土壤中检出了高浓度TPPO污染。该方法成功用于土壤中10种OPFRs的检测。

关键词: 气相色谱-串联质谱, 基质固相分散萃取, 响应面法, 有机磷阻燃剂, 土壤

Abstract:

Organophosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs) are widely used in commercial products owing to their exceptional flame-retarding and plasticizing properties. However, OPFRs are also well recognized as emerging persistent organic pollutants (POPs) because of their environmental persistence, biological concentration, and potential toxicity. Thus, the accurate detection of OPFRs in environmental media is critical for analyzing their fate, transport, and ecological risk. However, very few OPFR detection methods are currently available, and the types of OPFRs detected may vary from site to site.

In this study, matrix solid-phase dispersion extraction (MSPD), a simple, rapid, and versatile technique for preparing solid, semisolid, liquid, and viscous samples, was combined for the first time with gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) to analyze 10 OPFRs in soil, namely, tripropyl phosphate (TPrP), tri-n-butyl phosphate (TnBP), tri-iso-butyl phosphate (TiBP), tris(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCIPP), tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCPP), triphenyl phosphate (TPHP), 2-ethylhexyl diphenyl phosphate (EHDPP), triphenylphosphine oxide (TPPO), and trimethylphenyl phosphate (TCP). The GC-MS/MS system was equipped with a Bruker-5MS capillary column coupled with a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer operated in multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode. Prior to detection, a mixed standard solution was fortified with 10 ng of13C-PCB208 as an internal standard. The optimal conditions under which MSPD could achieve high selectivity for OPFRs were determined. In addition, single-factor analysis was used to examine the influence of the sorbent (i. e., C18, PSA, Florisil, GCB, and multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs)) as well as the dosage, type, and volume of the eluent on the extraction efficiency of the method for the 10 OPFRs. When GCB and ethyl acetate were used as the adsorbent and solvent, respectively, during elution, high extraction recoveries for the OPFRs were achieved. Optimization via response surface methodology (RSM) was adopted to further analyze the impact of three key factors, namely, the adsorbent dosage, eluent volume, and grinding time, as well as their interactions, on OPFR recoveries. Under the optimal conditions of 0.3 g of GCB as the adsorbent, 10 mL of ethyl acetate as the eluent, and 5 min of grinding time, the relative average recovery of the OPFRs was 87.5%. Furthermore, the 10 OPFRs showed good linear relationships under five concentration gradients, with correlation coefficients greater than 0.998. The limits of detection (LODs) and quantification (LOQs) were calculated as signal-to-noise ratios (S/N) of 3 and 10, respectively, and found to be in the ranges of 0.006-0.161 and 0.020-0.531 ng/g, respectively. The performance of the proposed method was verified by determining the recoveries and relative standard deviations (RSDs) of the OPFRs in soils spiked at low, medium, and high levels (10, 20, and 100 ng/g, respectively). The recoveries of the OPFRs ranged from 70.4% to 115.4%, with RSDs ranging from 0.7% to 6.7%. Compared with the conventional accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) method, MSPD presents higher efficiency, simpler operation, and less solvent requirements. The developed method was applied to determine OPFRs in soil samples collected from different sites in Suzhou, including an electronics factory, an auto-repair factory, a paddy field, and a school field. The results revealed that the contents of OPFRs in the soils from the electronics and auto-repair factories were significantly higher than those in the soils from the paddy and school fields. The main pollutants in the soil samples collected from the electronics and auto-repair factories were TCIPP, TPPO, TCEP, and TDCPP. Moreover, the contents of these compounds were 5.30, 4.44, 4.54, and 4.20 ng/g, in soils from the electronics factory and 2.70, 3.93, 7.60, and 5.04 ng/g, in soils from the auto-repair factory. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to determine high concentrations of TPPO in industrial soils. Thus, the combination of MSPD and GC-MS/MS adopted in this study can provide useful insights into the detection of the 10 OPFRs in soil.

Key words: gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS), matrix solid-phase dispersion extraction (MSPD), response surface methodology (RSM), organophosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs), soil

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