色谱 ›› 2025, Vol. 43 ›› Issue (6): 630-639.DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1123.2025.01006

• 研究论文 • 上一篇    下一篇

城市居民有机磷酸酯内暴露特征及健康风险评估

王华伟1, 施世宇2, 刘翎2, 陈定1, 吕芷贤2, 宋紫怡2, 王友洁3, 宋璐璐3, 梅素容2,*()   

  1. 1.武汉市洪山区疾病预防控制中心,湖北 武汉 430070
    2.华中科技大学公共卫生学院环境医学研究所,教育部环境与健康重点实验室,湖北 武汉 430030
    3.华中科技大学同济医学院公共卫生学院 儿少卫生与妇幼保健学系,湖北 武汉 430030
  • 收稿日期:2025-01-07 出版日期:2025-06-08 发布日期:2025-05-21
  • 通讯作者: * Tel:(027)83657849,E-mail:surongmei@hust.edu.cn.
  • 基金资助:
    国家自然科学基金项目(42477462)

Internal exposure characteristics and health risk assessment of organophosphate esters in urban residents

WANG Huawei1, SHI Shiyu2, LIU Ling2, CHEN Ding1, LYU Zhixian2, SONG Ziyi2, WANG Youjie3, SONG Lulu3, MEI Surong2,*()   

  1. 1. Hongshan District Center for Disease Control and Prevention,Wuhan 430070,China
    2. Key Laboratory of Environment & Health of Ministry of Education,Institute of Environmental Medicine,School of Public Health,Huazhong University of Science and Technology,Wuhan 430030,China
    3. Department of Maternal and Child Health,School of Public Health,Tongji Medical College,Huazhong University of Science and Technology,Wuhan 430030,China
  • Received:2025-01-07 Online:2025-06-08 Published:2025-05-21
  • Supported by:
    National Natural Science Foundation of China(42477462)

摘要:

本研究以我国城市地区1 869名普通成人为研究对象,采用超高液相色谱-串联质谱技术(UPLC-MS/MS)测定人体尿液样品中15种有机磷酸酯(OPEs)代谢物的含量水平,探讨了性别、年龄、体质指数(BMI)、是否吸烟、运动频率、家庭收入,以及各类食品摄入对尿液中OPEs代谢物含量水平的影响,并进一步根据尿液中OPEs代谢物的含量水平评估OPEs的每日摄入量(EDI),结合非致癌风险参考剂量(RfD)计算相应的潜在非致癌风险,以风险熵(HQ)和危害指数(HI)来表示OPEs各单体和总体累积暴露的健康风险。结果表明,6种OPEs代谢物在人体尿液中的检出率大于60%,以磷酸二丁氧乙酯(BBOEP)和1-羟基-2-丙基(1-氯-2-丙基)磷酸酯(BCIPHIPP)为主,含量分别为0.56 ng/mL和0.36 ng/mL。男性尿液中磷酸二(1,3-二氯-2-丙基)酯(BDCIPP)、BCIPHIPP和BBOEP的含量水平高于女性,而女性尿液中4-羟基苯基-磷酸苯基酯(4-HO-DPHP)的含量高于男性。BCIPHIPP和磷酸二苯酯(DPHP)的含量水平与年龄呈负相关关系,而BCIPHIPP和磷酸邻二苯甲酯(DoCP)/磷酸对二苯甲酯(DpCP)的含量水平与家庭收入表现出正相关关系。较高的运动频率有效降低了尿液中BDCIPP和BCIPHIPP的含量水平。研究人群OPEs的EDI值为104 ng/(kg⋅d) bw,且男性高于女性,磷酸三丁氧乙酯(TBOEP)对于EDI的贡献最大,占总EDI值的55.6%。本研究中绝大多数研究对象的HI值小于1,表明不存在明显的非致癌风险,但整体而言男性的HI值高于女性,且TBOEP是主要的高风险单体,贡献了总HI值的68.9%。综上所述,本研究人群普遍暴露于OPEs,且男性具有更高的暴露水平和健康风险,表明OPEs暴露存在性别差异。本研究揭示了我国城市居民OPEs的暴露水平及特征,为后续研究及防控政策制定提供了数据支持和科学依据。

关键词: 有机磷酸酯, 尿液, 影响因素, 暴露特征, 健康风险评估

Abstract:

The contents of 15 organophosphate ester (OPE) metabolites in the urine of 1 869 adults residing in urban areas were quantified using ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). How gender, age, body mass index (BMI), smoking status, exercise frequency, family income and dietary intake affected the contents of OPE metabolites in human urine were discussed. Furthermore, the daily intake (EDI) of OPEs was evaluated based on the contents of OPE metabolites in urine. The corresponding potential non-carcinogenic risks were calculated in combination with the non-carcinogenic risk reference dose (RfD), with the health risks of individual OPE monomers and overall cumulative exposure expressed using the hazard quotient (HQ) and hazard index (HI). Six OPE metabolites exhibited detection frequencies in excess of 60%, with bis(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (BBOEP) and 1-hydroxy-2-propyl bis(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (BCIPHIPP), as the two main OPE metabolites, detected at levels of 0.56 and 0.36 ng/mL, respectively. Men exhibited higher urine contents of bis(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (BDCIPP), BCIPHIPP, and BBOEP than women, whereas women exhibited higher urine contents of 4-hydroxyphenyl-phenylphosphate (4-HO-DPHP). The levels of BCIPHIPP and diphenyl phosphate (DPHP) were found to correlate negatively with age, while the BCIPHIPP, and di-o-tolyl-phosphate (DoCP)/di-p-tolyl-phosphate (DpCP) levels correlated positively with family income. Higher exercise frequencies were found to be associated with significantly lower levels of BDCIPP and BCIPHIPP in urine. Furthermore, the frequency of nut consumption and the level of 4-HO-DPHP in urine were determined to be significantly negatively correlated. This study did not identify any significant associations between contents of urinary OPE metabolites and smoking or the intake of other foods, which suggests that smoking and dietary intake are not the primary OPE exposure pathways for the investigated population. Future research should have broader scope to elucidate the principal OPE exposure pathways. The overall OPE exposure levels for all participants in this study ranged between 5.60 and 2 800 ng/(kg⋅d) bw, with a median exposure level of 104 ng/(kg⋅d) bw. Among the four OPE monomers, Tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBOEP) exhibited the highest exposure level, with a median value of 57.2 ng/(kg⋅d) bw (ranging between 1.11 and 1 330 ng/(kg⋅d) bw), thereby contributing up to 55.6% of the total OPE exposure. Additionally, tri-n-butyl phosphate (TNBP) also exhibited significant exposure, with a median level of 32.4 ng/(kg⋅d) bw (ranging between 0.138 and 2 000 ng/(kg⋅d) bw), which accounts for 31.5% of the total OPE exposure. Gender-based analysis revealed that men exhibited higher OPE exposure levels than women. Specifically, men exhibited a median exposure level of 112 ng/(kg⋅d) bw (ranging between 6.03 and 2 670 ng/(kg⋅d) bw) compared to the value of 89.9 ng/(kg⋅d) bw (ranging between 5.61 and 2 800 ng/(kg⋅d) bw) recorded for women. The vast majority of study participants exhibited HI values of less than one, indicative of no obvious non-carcinogenic risks. The OPEs exhibited HI values in the 0.000 2–1.03, with a median value of 0.06. The exposure risks associated with the four OPE monomers are ranked in following order: TBOEP (median HI=0.038, range: 0.000 7–0.883), TNBP (median HI=0.013, range: 0.000 05–0.833), tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCIPP) (median HI=0.002, range: 0.000 8–0.288), and triphenyl phosphate (TPHP) (median HI=0.001, range: 0.000 2–0.350); these monomers contribute 68.9, 24.4, 4.2, and 2.5% to the overall HI value, respectively. Among all study participants, men exhibited a higher exposure risk (median HI=0.061, range: 0.002–1.03) than women (median HI=0.049, range: 0.002–0.840). Notably, TBOEP was identified as the primary high-risk monomer for both genders, contributing 70.1% (median HI=0.042, range: 0.000 7–0.883) and 67.6% (median HI=0.035, range: 0.000 8–0.835) to the overall health risks of men and women, respectively. In conclusion, the study population was ubiquitously exposed to OPEs, with men exhibiting higher exposure levels and associated health risks, which suggests that OPE exposure levels are gender-dependent. This study revealed the exposure levels and profiles of OPEs of urban residents, and provides supporting data and a scientific foundation for subsequent studies and policy formulations.

Key words: organophosphate esters (OPEs), urine, influencing factors, exposure profiles, health risk assessment

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