色谱 ›› 2026, Vol. 44 ›› Issue (11): 1389-1399.DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1123.2026.04009
收稿日期:2026-04-08
出版日期:2026-11-08
发布日期:2026-11-03
通讯作者:
* Tel:0931-8912589,E-mail:hlchen@lzu.edu.cn.
基金资助:
NIU Xiao, ZHANG Yang, QI Shengda, CHEN Hongli*(
)
Received:2026-04-08
Online:2026-11-08
Published:2026-11-03
Supported by:摘要:
共价有机框架(COFs)材料因其结构可调、孔隙丰富、比表面积大等优势,已成为一类性能优异的色谱固定相。本文采用室温原位生长法在毛细管内壁成功涂敷了一层球状COF(TPB-TP COF),并将其应用于开管毛细管电色谱(OT-CEC)分离分析中。研究结果表明,TPB-TP COF纳米晶体能够牢固地固定于毛细管内壁,运行200次后,涂层表面结构基本保持完整。与未修饰的裸毛细管相比,该涂层柱对4组中性分析物表现出更优异的分离能力与高分辨率,且具备良好的重复性和稳定性。保留行为分析表明,分析物的洗脱顺序与其log Kow值具有一定相关性,说明疏水作用可能是影响分离过程的重要因素;同时,TPB-TP COF中丰富的芳香结构可能通过π-π相互作用对芳香类分析物的保留和选择性产生协同影响。该方法已成功应用于加标黄河水样中邻苯二甲酸酯类化合物的测定,加标回收率为94.9%~108.9%。上述结果表明,TPB-TP COF是一种有效的OT-CEC固定相材料,在中性有机小分子分离分析中具有潜在应用价值。
中图分类号:
牛晓, 张洋, 齐升达, 陈宏丽. 基于原位生长法制备球状共价有机框架涂层并用于开管毛细管电色谱分离中性分析物[J]. 色谱, 2026, 44(11): 1389-1399.
NIU Xiao, ZHANG Yang, QI Shengda, CHEN Hongli. In-situ growth of spherical covalent organic framework coating for the separation of neutral analytes in open-tubular capillary electrochromatography[J]. Chinese Journal of Chromatography, 2026, 44(11): 1389-1399.
图1 TPB-TP COF涂层毛细管的制备示意图TPB: 1,3,5-tris(4-aminophenyl)benzene; TP: terephthalaldehyde; COF: covalent organic framework; ACN: acetonitrile; HAc: acetic acid; RT: room temperature; GLYMO: 3-glycidyloxypropyltrimethoxysilane.
Fig. 1 Preparation of TPB-TP COF-coated capillaries
图2 分析物的结构式和log Kow值log Kow: octanol-water partition coefficients; DAP: diallyl phthalate; DIBP: diisobutyl phthalate; DBZP: dibenzyl phthalate; DCHP: dicyclohexyl phthalate; DMEP: bis(2-methoxyethyl)phthalate; DEP: diethyl phthalate; DPrP: diisopropyl phthalate; DNOP: di-n-octyl phthalate.
Fig. 2 Chemical structures and log Kow values of the analytes
图3 TPB-TP COF的表征:(a)PXRD图谱、(b)FT-IR谱图、(c)热重分析曲线、(d)N2吸附-脱附曲线、(e)SEM和(f)TEM图PXRD: powder X-ray diffraction; FT-IR: Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy; SBET: BET surface area; SEM: scanning electron microscopy; TEM: transmission electron microscopy.
Fig. 3 Characterization of TPB-TP COF: (a) PXRD pattern,(b) FT-IR spectra,(c) thermogravimetric (TG) analysis curve,(d) N2 adsorption-desorption isotherms,(e) SEM and (f) TEM images
图4 (a)裸毛细管和(b)TPB-TP COF涂层毛细管的SEM图,石英片上原位生长TPB-TP COF的(c)FT-IR谱图和(d)SEM图
Fig. 4 SEM images of (a) bare capillary and (b) TPB-TP COF-coated capillary; (c) FT-IR spectrum and (d) SEM image of TPB-TP COF grown on quartz plate
图5 (a)缓冲溶液pH、(b)乙腈体积分数和(c)缓冲溶液浓度对EOF的影响CEC conditions: a. 10 mmol/L borate,35% (volume fraction) ACN,pH 9.70-11.20; b. 10 mmol/L borate,30%-40% (volume fraction) ACN,pH 10.00; c. 5-20 mmol/L borate,35% (volume fraction) ACN,pH 10.00. EOF: electroosmotic flow.
Fig. 5 Influences of (a) buffer pH,(b) acetonitrile content,and (c) buffer concentration on EOF mobility
图6 (a)ACN含量、(b)硼砂浓度和(c)缓冲液pH对TPB-TP COF涂层毛细管分离烷基苯的影响OT-CEC conditions: a. 10 mmol/L borate,15%-25% ACN,pH 10.00; b. 5-15 mmol/L borate,20% ACN,pH 10.00; c. 10 mmol/L borate,20% ACN,pH 9.50-10.50.Peak identifications: 1. toluene (10 μg/mL),2. p-xylene (10 μg/mL); 3. 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene (50 μg/mL).
Fig. 6 Influences of (a) ACN content,(b) borate concentration,and (c) buffer pH on the separation of alkyl benzenes by the TPB-TP COF-coated capillary
图7 TPB-TP COF涂层毛细管对4组中性分析物的电泳谱图For alkyl benzenes,conditions: 10 mmol/L borate,pH 10.00,20% (volume fraction) ACN; peaks: 1. toluene (10 μg/mL); 2. p-xylene (10 μg/mL); 3. 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene (50 μg/mL). For halobenzenes,conditions: 10 mmol/L borate,pH 10.20,32.5% (volume fraction) ACN; peaks: 1. fluorobenzene (10 μg/mL); 2. bromobenzene (5 μg/mL); 3. o-dibromobenzene (5 μg/mL); 4. 1-bromo-4-iodobenzene (50 μg/mL). For phthalate esters (PAEs) 1-4,10 mmol/L borate,pH 10.00,15% (volume fraction) ACN; peaks: 1. DAP (10 μg/mL); 2. DIBP (25 μg/mL); 3. DBZP (25 μg/mL); 4. DCHP (50 μg/mL). For PAEs 5-8,10 mmol/L borate,pH 10.20,35% (volume fraction) ACN; peaks: 5. DMEP (25 μg/mL); 6. DEP (25 μg/mL); 7. DPrP (25 μg/mL); 8. DNOP (50 μg/mL). * denotes EOF.
Fig. 7 Electropherograms of four groups of analytes on TPB-TP COF-coated capillary
图8 裸毛细管对4组中性分析物的电泳谱图CE conditions and peak identifications are the same as in Fig. 7.
Fig. 8 Electropherograms of the four groups of analytes on bare capillary
图9 (a) PAEs在TPB-TP COF涂层毛细管上运行不同次数的CE图和(b)运行200次后的TPB-TP COF涂层毛细管的SEM图Conditions: 10 mmol/L borate,pH 10.00,15% ACN.Peaks: 1. DAP (10 μg/mL); 2. DIBP (25 μg/mL); 3. DBZP (25 μg/mL); 4. DCHP (50 μg/mL).
Fig. 9 (a) Electropherograms of PAEs on the TPB-TP COF-coated capillary after different runs and (b) SEM image of the TPB-TP COF-coated capillary after 200 runs
| Analyte | RSDs/% (n=3) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Intra-day | Inter-day | Column-to-column | ||||
| Migration time | Peak area | Migration time | Peak area | Migration time | Peak area | |
| DAP | 1.5 | 5.0 | 2.1 | 8.0 | 3.5 | 5.9 |
| DIBP | 5.5 | 7.3 | 2.0 | 3.7 | 4.8 | 3.1 |
| DBZP | 1.5 | 6.2 | 3.6 | 3.9 | 6.9 | 3.4 |
| DCHP | 4.0 | 8.2 | 3.5 | 9.0 | 3.8 | 9.3 |
| DMEP | 4.5 | 9.7 | 3.5 | 6.9 | 6.9 | 6.6 |
| DEP | 3.7 | 6.0 | 5.4 | 3.9 | 4.9 | 3.8 |
| DPrP | 4.0 | 4.0 | 4.4 | 3.8 | 4.5 | 6.7 |
| DNOP | 4.4 | 5.6 | 4.4 | 5.4 | 4.7 | 4.0 |
表1 TPB-TP COF涂层毛细管重复性和稳定性
Table 1 Repeatability and stability of the TPB-TP COF-coated capillary
| Analyte | RSDs/% (n=3) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Intra-day | Inter-day | Column-to-column | ||||
| Migration time | Peak area | Migration time | Peak area | Migration time | Peak area | |
| DAP | 1.5 | 5.0 | 2.1 | 8.0 | 3.5 | 5.9 |
| DIBP | 5.5 | 7.3 | 2.0 | 3.7 | 4.8 | 3.1 |
| DBZP | 1.5 | 6.2 | 3.6 | 3.9 | 6.9 | 3.4 |
| DCHP | 4.0 | 8.2 | 3.5 | 9.0 | 3.8 | 9.3 |
| DMEP | 4.5 | 9.7 | 3.5 | 6.9 | 6.9 | 6.6 |
| DEP | 3.7 | 6.0 | 5.4 | 3.9 | 4.9 | 3.8 |
| DPrP | 4.0 | 4.0 | 4.4 | 3.8 | 4.5 | 6.7 |
| DNOP | 4.4 | 5.6 | 4.4 | 5.4 | 4.7 | 4.0 |
| Coating material | Coating method | Repeatability (RSDs,n=3)/% | Analytes | Lifetime/runs | Ref. | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Migration time | Peak area | |||||
| Tf-DHzOH | covalent bonding | 0.8-8.7 | 1.3-11.2 | sulfonamides,tetracyclines,amino acids,benzene compounds | >200 | [ |
| N0-COF | post-modification | 0.1-4.9 | 1.3-9.1 | bisphenol A and its analogues | >200 | [ |
| TPB-DMTP COF | in-situ growth | 1.1-2.8 | 1.3-4.9 | herbicides,bisphenols,and benzene bromide analytes | >200 | [ |
| TPB-TP COF | in-situ growth | 1.5-6.9 | 3.1-9.7 | substituted benzenes,halobenzenes,phthalate esters | >200 | this work |
表2 TPB-TP COF涂层毛细管柱与已报道COF涂层毛细管柱的比较
Table 2 Comparison of TPB-TP COF-coated capillary with other COFs coated capillaries
| Coating material | Coating method | Repeatability (RSDs,n=3)/% | Analytes | Lifetime/runs | Ref. | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Migration time | Peak area | |||||
| Tf-DHzOH | covalent bonding | 0.8-8.7 | 1.3-11.2 | sulfonamides,tetracyclines,amino acids,benzene compounds | >200 | [ |
| N0-COF | post-modification | 0.1-4.9 | 1.3-9.1 | bisphenol A and its analogues | >200 | [ |
| TPB-DMTP COF | in-situ growth | 1.1-2.8 | 1.3-4.9 | herbicides,bisphenols,and benzene bromide analytes | >200 | [ |
| TPB-TP COF | in-situ growth | 1.5-6.9 | 3.1-9.7 | substituted benzenes,halobenzenes,phthalate esters | >200 | this work |
| Analyte | Linear regression equation | Linear range/(µg/mL) | R2 | LOD/(µg/mL) | LOQ/(µg/mL) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DAP | Y=123.08X+32.37 | 2.0-100.0 | 0.9877 | 0.37 | 1.22 |
| DIBP | Y=150.24X+524.58 | 2.0-100.0 | 0.9980 | 0.30 | 1.00 |
| DBZP | Y=195.88X+559.96 | 2.0-100.0 | 0.9895 | 0.23 | 0.77 |
| DCHP | Y=283.81X+194.01 | 5.0-100.0 | 0.9988 | 0.16 | 0.53 |
| DMEP | Y=224.70X+90.76 | 2.0-100.0 | 0.9997 | 0.20 | 0.67 |
| DEP | Y=280.24X+563.58 | 2.0-100.0 | 0.9994 | 0.16 | 0.54 |
| DPrP | Y=320.15X+268.68 | 5.0-100.0 | 0.9995 | 0.14 | 0.47 |
| DNOP | Y=295.18X+878.81 | 5.0-100.0 | 0.9989 | 0.15 | 0.51 |
表3 邻苯二甲酸酯类化合物的线性回归方程、线性范围、R2、检出限和定量限
Table 3 Linear regression equations,linear ranges,correlation coefficients (R2),LODs,and LOQs of phthalate esters
| Analyte | Linear regression equation | Linear range/(µg/mL) | R2 | LOD/(µg/mL) | LOQ/(µg/mL) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DAP | Y=123.08X+32.37 | 2.0-100.0 | 0.9877 | 0.37 | 1.22 |
| DIBP | Y=150.24X+524.58 | 2.0-100.0 | 0.9980 | 0.30 | 1.00 |
| DBZP | Y=195.88X+559.96 | 2.0-100.0 | 0.9895 | 0.23 | 0.77 |
| DCHP | Y=283.81X+194.01 | 5.0-100.0 | 0.9988 | 0.16 | 0.53 |
| DMEP | Y=224.70X+90.76 | 2.0-100.0 | 0.9997 | 0.20 | 0.67 |
| DEP | Y=280.24X+563.58 | 2.0-100.0 | 0.9994 | 0.16 | 0.54 |
| DPrP | Y=320.15X+268.68 | 5.0-100.0 | 0.9995 | 0.14 | 0.47 |
| DNOP | Y=295.18X+878.81 | 5.0-100.0 | 0.9989 | 0.15 | 0.51 |
| Analyte | Original/(µg/mL) | Spiked/(µg/mL) | Detected/(µg/mL) | Recovery/% | RSD/% |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DAP | ND | 20.00 | 19.54 | 97.7 | 6.8 |
| 50.00 | 49.91 | 99.8 | 9.3 | ||
| 75.00 | 76.68 | 102.2 | 2.8 | ||
| DIBP | ND | 20.00 | 19.54 | 97.7 | 6.4 |
| 50.00 | 47.45 | 94.9 | 5.6 | ||
| 75.00 | 74.81 | 99.7 | 4.9 | ||
| DBZP | ND | 20.00 | 21.37 | 106.9 | 8.1 |
| 50.00 | 49.48 | 99.0 | 11.3 | ||
| 75.00 | 78.44 | 104.6 | 4.1 | ||
| DCHP | ND | 20.00 | 20.32 | 101.6 | 1.1 |
| 50.00 | 49.54 | 99.1 | 4.2 | ||
| 75.00 | 74.23 | 99.0 | 5.3 | ||
| DMEP | ND | 20.00 | 20.86 | 104.3 | 6.4 |
| 50.00 | 54.13 | 108.3 | 6.7 | ||
| 75.00 | 73.76 | 98.3 | 2.1 | ||
| DEP | ND | 20.00 | 21.77 | 108.9 | 5.4 |
| 50.00 | 48.85 | 97.7 | 4.3 | ||
| 75.00 | 78.01 | 104.0 | 1.0 | ||
| DPrP | ND | 20.00 | 21.00 | 105.0 | 5.2 |
| 50.00 | 53.05 | 106.1 | 4.8 | ||
| 75.00 | 78.19 | 104.3 | 1.4 | ||
| DNOP | ND | 20.00 | 20.12 | 100.6 | 2.9 |
| 50.00 | 52.08 | 104.2 | 5.3 | ||
| 75.00 | 77.97 | 104.0 | 2.1 |
表4 3个加标水平下邻苯二甲酸酯类化合物在黄河水样中的加标回收率及RSD(n=3)
Table 4 Recoveries and RSDs of PAEs in Yellow River water sample at three levels (n=3)
| Analyte | Original/(µg/mL) | Spiked/(µg/mL) | Detected/(µg/mL) | Recovery/% | RSD/% |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DAP | ND | 20.00 | 19.54 | 97.7 | 6.8 |
| 50.00 | 49.91 | 99.8 | 9.3 | ||
| 75.00 | 76.68 | 102.2 | 2.8 | ||
| DIBP | ND | 20.00 | 19.54 | 97.7 | 6.4 |
| 50.00 | 47.45 | 94.9 | 5.6 | ||
| 75.00 | 74.81 | 99.7 | 4.9 | ||
| DBZP | ND | 20.00 | 21.37 | 106.9 | 8.1 |
| 50.00 | 49.48 | 99.0 | 11.3 | ||
| 75.00 | 78.44 | 104.6 | 4.1 | ||
| DCHP | ND | 20.00 | 20.32 | 101.6 | 1.1 |
| 50.00 | 49.54 | 99.1 | 4.2 | ||
| 75.00 | 74.23 | 99.0 | 5.3 | ||
| DMEP | ND | 20.00 | 20.86 | 104.3 | 6.4 |
| 50.00 | 54.13 | 108.3 | 6.7 | ||
| 75.00 | 73.76 | 98.3 | 2.1 | ||
| DEP | ND | 20.00 | 21.77 | 108.9 | 5.4 |
| 50.00 | 48.85 | 97.7 | 4.3 | ||
| 75.00 | 78.01 | 104.0 | 1.0 | ||
| DPrP | ND | 20.00 | 21.00 | 105.0 | 5.2 |
| 50.00 | 53.05 | 106.1 | 4.8 | ||
| 75.00 | 78.19 | 104.3 | 1.4 | ||
| DNOP | ND | 20.00 | 20.12 | 100.6 | 2.9 |
| 50.00 | 52.08 | 104.2 | 5.3 | ||
| 75.00 | 77.97 | 104.0 | 2.1 |
|
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