色谱 ›› 2025, Vol. 43 ›› Issue (12): 1300-1313.DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1123.2025.04025
李嘉欣1, 赵丽珠1,2,*(
), 孙向明1, 赫志强3, 曹惠玲1, 罗应金1, 杨波1,2,*(
)
收稿日期:2025-04-22
出版日期:2025-12-08
发布日期:2025-12-08
通讯作者:
*Tel:(0451)84608207,E-mail:基金资助:
LI Jiaxin1, ZHAO Lizhu1,2,*(
), SUN Xiangming1, HE Zhiqiang3, CAO Huiling1, LUO Yingjin1, YANG Bo1,2,*(
)
Received:2025-04-22
Online:2025-12-08
Published:2025-12-08
Supported by:摘要:
近年来,离子液体功能化磁性Fe3O4纳米材料(IL-Fe3O4 NPs)因稳定性好、吸附容量高、活性位点多、对有机或无机化合物的高溶解能力、可循环利用及易于分离等特点,广泛应用于样品前处理领域。离子液体具有结构可设计、导电性好、溶解能力强等特性,可单独或与其他材料共同用于修饰磁性Fe3O4纳米颗粒。这种修饰通过表面功能化,不仅能有效抑制纳米颗粒的团聚和氧化等缺陷,还能克服离子液体自身黏度高、传质效率低及分离困难等局限性,尤其适用于金属离子等痕量目标分析物的富集检测。目前,IL-Fe3O4 NPs已广泛应用于磁性固相萃取、管内固相微萃取及移液吸头固相萃取等前处理技术,并可与色谱、光谱等检测技术实现在线或离线联用,显著提升了检测的灵敏度与准确性,在食品安全、环境监测、生物医药等方面展现出巨大的潜力和发展空间。本文系统总结了IL-Fe3O4 NPs的合成方法、分类、萃取模式、在线或离线检测技术及在样品前处理的应用,并对该类材料未来可能的探索方向进行了展望。
中图分类号:
李嘉欣, 赵丽珠, 孙向明, 赫志强, 曹惠玲, 罗应金, 杨波. 离子液体功能化磁性Fe3O4纳米材料在样品前处理-色谱分析中的研究进展[J]. 色谱, 2025, 43(12): 1300-1313.
LI Jiaxin, ZHAO Lizhu, SUN Xiangming, HE Zhiqiang, CAO Huiling, LUO Yingjin, YANG Bo. Research progress on ionic liquid-functionalized magnetic Fe3O4 nanomaterials in sample pretreatment- chromatographic analysis[J]. Chinese Journal of Chromatography, 2025, 43(12): 1300-1313.
图1 IL-Fe3O4 NPs的合成过程示意图
Fig. 1 Schematic diagrams of the synthesis process of ionic liquid-functionalized magnetic Fe3O4 nanomaterials (IL-Fe3O4 NPs)a. physical coating; b. chemical bonding.
图2 IL-Fe3O4 NPs的分类示意图
Fig. 2 Schematic diagram of the classification of IL-Fe3O4 NPsMCNTS: multi walled carbon nanotubes; GO: graphene oxide; β-CD: β-cyclodextrin; MOFs: metal organic frameworks; MCM: Mobil Composition of Matter.
| Materials | Advantages | Disadvantages | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|
| ILs modified Fe3O4 NPs | simple synthesis, low cost, high magnetic response, easy to separate and recycle | low specific surface area, small adsorption capacity | [ |
| ILs modified silica-based Fe3O4 NPs | magnetic responsiveness, easy to separate and recycle, good biocompatibility, SiO2 shell improves chemical stability and corrosion resistance, mesoporous structure improves load and mass transfer efficiency, easy surface functionalization, high compatibility with various ILs | SiO2 shell may mask magnetic core, reducing magnetic responsiveness | [ |
| ILs modified carbon-based Fe3O4 NPs | magnetic responsiveness, easy to separate and recycle, high specific surface area, abundant π-electron system, numerous active sites, excellent chemical stability, high temperature and acid/alkali resistant | high cost, carbon coating induced magnetic attenuation | [ |
| ILs modified MOFs-based Fe3O4 NPs | strong magnetic responsiveness, facile separation, efficient recyclability, enhanced adsorption capacity, high porosity, tunable pore size, abundant unsaturated metal sites, effective coordination capability | high cost, complex synthesis process | [ |
表1 IL-Fe3O4 NPs的优缺点
Table 1 Advantages and disadvantages of IL-Fe3O4 NPs
| Materials | Advantages | Disadvantages | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|
| ILs modified Fe3O4 NPs | simple synthesis, low cost, high magnetic response, easy to separate and recycle | low specific surface area, small adsorption capacity | [ |
| ILs modified silica-based Fe3O4 NPs | magnetic responsiveness, easy to separate and recycle, good biocompatibility, SiO2 shell improves chemical stability and corrosion resistance, mesoporous structure improves load and mass transfer efficiency, easy surface functionalization, high compatibility with various ILs | SiO2 shell may mask magnetic core, reducing magnetic responsiveness | [ |
| ILs modified carbon-based Fe3O4 NPs | magnetic responsiveness, easy to separate and recycle, high specific surface area, abundant π-electron system, numerous active sites, excellent chemical stability, high temperature and acid/alkali resistant | high cost, carbon coating induced magnetic attenuation | [ |
| ILs modified MOFs-based Fe3O4 NPs | strong magnetic responsiveness, facile separation, efficient recyclability, enhanced adsorption capacity, high porosity, tunable pore size, abundant unsaturated metal sites, effective coordination capability | high cost, complex synthesis process | [ |
图4 IL-Fe3O4 NPs的萃取模式示意图
Fig. 4 Schematic diagrams of the extraction modes of IL-Fe3O4 NPsa. magnetic solid-phase extraction; b. in-tube solid-phase microextraction; c. pipette-tip solid-phase extraction.
Classification of analytes | Adsorbents | Samples | Analytes | Extraction technology | Detection methods | LOD | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Endocrine disruptors | Poly[AMIM][NTf2]@SiO2@Fe3O4 | lake water, river water | organic ultraviolet filters | IT-SPME | HPLC-DAD | 0.040-0.26 μg/L | [ |
| [HMIM][PF6]@Fe3O4@ZIF-8@MWCNTs | tap water | dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane | MSPE | GC-MS/MS | 0.0010-0.0070 µg/L | [ | |
| [diPrNH2TMG][Cl]@SiO2@Fe3O4 | tap water, lake water | polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons | MSPE | HPLC-UV | 0.050 ng/mL | [ | |
| [C16MIM][Br]@Fe3O4@GO | water, tap water | chlorophenol | MHMSPE | HPLC-UV | 0.10-0.13 µg/L | [ | |
| Metal ions | [C6MIM][Ala]@SiO2@Fe3O4@GO | water | Cr(Ⅲ), Cr(Ⅵ) | MSPE | ICP-OES | 0.19-0.41 µg/L | [ |
| [MIM][Ala]@SiO2@Fe3O4@GO | sewage | Cd(Ⅱ) | MSPE | ICP-OES | 0.0010 ng/mL | [ | |
| IL@β-CDCP@Fe3O4 | city water, lake water | Mn(Ⅱ), Mn(Ⅶ) | MSPE | ICP-OES | 0.15-0.27 μg/L | [ | |
| Dye | [Hpy][NTf2]@SiO2@Fe3O4 | river water, tap water, drinking water, waste water | malachite green, crystal violet, methylene blue | DLLME-MSPE | HPLC-UV | 0.030-0.050 μg/L | [ |
| IL@Fe3O4@MoS2@RGO | lake water, river water | methylene blue | MSPE | UV-Vis | 6.4 µg/L | [ | |
| DICAT@Fe3O4@PANI | industrial waste water, lake water | rhodamine | MSPE | UV-Vis | - | [ | |
| Pesticides | [BMIM][Cl]@MCM@Fe3O4 | sea water, spring water, agricultural water | organophosphates, carbamates, pyrethroids | MSPE | GC-μ-ECD | 0.040-1.6 μg/kg | [ |
| [C6OHMIm][Br]@Fe3O4@GO | field water, river water, surface water | triazine and urea herbicides | MSPE | HPLC-DAD | 0.040-0.050 μg/L | [ | |
| Drugs | [BMIM][Br]@Fe3O4@GO | sewage | sulfonamide antibiotic | MSPE | UPLC-MS/MS | 0.75-1.5 ng/L | [ |
| IL-COOH@Fe3O4@UiO-67 | river water | fluoroquinolone antibiotic | MSPE | HPLC-DAD | 0.010-0.020 μg/L | [ | |
| Biotoxins | [BMIM][Br]@Fe3O4@GO | water | microcystins | MSPE | UPLC-MS/MS | 0.27-0.41 ng/L | [ |
表2 IL-Fe3O4 NPs在环境样品中的应用
Table 2 Applications of IL-Fe3O4 NPs in environmental samples
Classification of analytes | Adsorbents | Samples | Analytes | Extraction technology | Detection methods | LOD | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Endocrine disruptors | Poly[AMIM][NTf2]@SiO2@Fe3O4 | lake water, river water | organic ultraviolet filters | IT-SPME | HPLC-DAD | 0.040-0.26 μg/L | [ |
| [HMIM][PF6]@Fe3O4@ZIF-8@MWCNTs | tap water | dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane | MSPE | GC-MS/MS | 0.0010-0.0070 µg/L | [ | |
| [diPrNH2TMG][Cl]@SiO2@Fe3O4 | tap water, lake water | polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons | MSPE | HPLC-UV | 0.050 ng/mL | [ | |
| [C16MIM][Br]@Fe3O4@GO | water, tap water | chlorophenol | MHMSPE | HPLC-UV | 0.10-0.13 µg/L | [ | |
| Metal ions | [C6MIM][Ala]@SiO2@Fe3O4@GO | water | Cr(Ⅲ), Cr(Ⅵ) | MSPE | ICP-OES | 0.19-0.41 µg/L | [ |
| [MIM][Ala]@SiO2@Fe3O4@GO | sewage | Cd(Ⅱ) | MSPE | ICP-OES | 0.0010 ng/mL | [ | |
| IL@β-CDCP@Fe3O4 | city water, lake water | Mn(Ⅱ), Mn(Ⅶ) | MSPE | ICP-OES | 0.15-0.27 μg/L | [ | |
| Dye | [Hpy][NTf2]@SiO2@Fe3O4 | river water, tap water, drinking water, waste water | malachite green, crystal violet, methylene blue | DLLME-MSPE | HPLC-UV | 0.030-0.050 μg/L | [ |
| IL@Fe3O4@MoS2@RGO | lake water, river water | methylene blue | MSPE | UV-Vis | 6.4 µg/L | [ | |
| DICAT@Fe3O4@PANI | industrial waste water, lake water | rhodamine | MSPE | UV-Vis | - | [ | |
| Pesticides | [BMIM][Cl]@MCM@Fe3O4 | sea water, spring water, agricultural water | organophosphates, carbamates, pyrethroids | MSPE | GC-μ-ECD | 0.040-1.6 μg/kg | [ |
| [C6OHMIm][Br]@Fe3O4@GO | field water, river water, surface water | triazine and urea herbicides | MSPE | HPLC-DAD | 0.040-0.050 μg/L | [ | |
| Drugs | [BMIM][Br]@Fe3O4@GO | sewage | sulfonamide antibiotic | MSPE | UPLC-MS/MS | 0.75-1.5 ng/L | [ |
| IL-COOH@Fe3O4@UiO-67 | river water | fluoroquinolone antibiotic | MSPE | HPLC-DAD | 0.010-0.020 μg/L | [ | |
| Biotoxins | [BMIM][Br]@Fe3O4@GO | water | microcystins | MSPE | UPLC-MS/MS | 0.27-0.41 ng/L | [ |
Classification of analytes | Adsorbents | Samples | Analytes | Extraction technology | Detection methods | LOD | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pesticides | Poly([VPImi-SO3H][Cl])@SiO2@Fe3O4 | vegetable | diquat | MSPE | HPLC-UV | 0.090 μg/g | [ |
| [C8OBIM][Gly]@SiO2@Fe3O4 | fruit juice serum | benzimidazoles | MSPE | HPLC-MS/MS | 0.060-0.150 μg/L | [ | |
| PIL@mSiO2@nSiO2@Fe3O4 | apple | pyrethroids | MSPE | GC-MS | 0.24-2.0 ng/g | [ | |
| [BMIM][PF6]@HP-β-CD@Fe3O4 | honey | carbofuranin | MSPE | HPLC-MS/MS | 0.40 μg/kg | [ | |
| Veterinary drugs | [DABCO-C3OH][Cl]@SiO2@Fe3O4 | milk | penicillin | D-micro-SPE | UPLC-MS/MS | 0.030-0.20 µg/kg | [ |
| [APMIM][Br]@Fe3O4@MWCNTs | milk, pork | fluoroquinolone antibiotic | MSPE | HPLC-UV | 0.33-0.78 ng/mL | [ | |
| IL@Fe3O4@CS | milk | antibiotics and their metabolites | MSPE | UPLC-MS/MS | 0.040-0.19 μg/kg | [ | |
| Additive | [OMIM][PF6]@SiO2@Fe3O4 | tomato sauces | safranine T | MSPE | UV-Vis | 0.37 ng/mL | [ |
| Poly([VOIM][Br])@SiO2@Fe3O4@G | vegetable | preservatives | QuEChERS | GC-MS/MS | 0.020-0.42 μg/L | [ | |
| [BMIM][Trp]@SiO2@Fe3O4@GO | pepper, water | sudanⅠ-Ⅳ | MSPE | HPLC-UV | 0.010-0.50 µg/mL | [ | |
| Metal ions | [DABCO-PDO][Cl]@SiO2@Fe3O4 | milk | Pb(Ⅱ), Cd(Ⅱ) | MSPE | FAAS | 0.070-0.090 µg/L | [ |
| [HMIM][PF6]@SiO2@Fe3O4@GO | shellfish | Pb(Ⅱ), Cu(Ⅱ), Cr(Ⅱ) | d-MSPE | ICP-MS | 2.4-3.8 ng/L | [ | |
| Biological toxins | [HMIM][Br]@Fe3O4-COOH@MIL-101 | milk | aflatoxin | MSPE | HPLC-FLD | 0.030-0.15 μg/L | [ |
| Poly([VDIm][Br])@SiO2@Fe3O4 | vegetable oil | vomitoxin | MSPE | UHPLC-UV | 3.3 μg/kg | [ | |
| Endocrine disruptors | [C4MIM][PF6]@HP-β-CD@Fe3O4 | drink | bisphenol A | MSPE | HPLC-FLD | 0.40 μg/L | [ |
| 3D-[APMIM][Br]@Fe3O4@GO | vegetable oil | polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons | MSPE | GC-MS | 0.10-0.60 μg/kg | [ | |
| Secondary metabolites | [VOIM][Br]@SiO2@Fe3O4@CS@GO | coffee, milk tea, hot pot seasoning | alkaloids | MSPE | UPLC-MS/MS | - | [ |
| Poly(CalixIL)@SiO2@Fe3O4 | fruit juice, green tea | flavonoids | MSPE | HPLC-DAD | 0.15-0.75 ng/mL | [ |
表3 Fe3O4 NPs在食品样品中的应用
Table 3 Applications of IL-Fe3O4 NPs in food samples
Classification of analytes | Adsorbents | Samples | Analytes | Extraction technology | Detection methods | LOD | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pesticides | Poly([VPImi-SO3H][Cl])@SiO2@Fe3O4 | vegetable | diquat | MSPE | HPLC-UV | 0.090 μg/g | [ |
| [C8OBIM][Gly]@SiO2@Fe3O4 | fruit juice serum | benzimidazoles | MSPE | HPLC-MS/MS | 0.060-0.150 μg/L | [ | |
| PIL@mSiO2@nSiO2@Fe3O4 | apple | pyrethroids | MSPE | GC-MS | 0.24-2.0 ng/g | [ | |
| [BMIM][PF6]@HP-β-CD@Fe3O4 | honey | carbofuranin | MSPE | HPLC-MS/MS | 0.40 μg/kg | [ | |
| Veterinary drugs | [DABCO-C3OH][Cl]@SiO2@Fe3O4 | milk | penicillin | D-micro-SPE | UPLC-MS/MS | 0.030-0.20 µg/kg | [ |
| [APMIM][Br]@Fe3O4@MWCNTs | milk, pork | fluoroquinolone antibiotic | MSPE | HPLC-UV | 0.33-0.78 ng/mL | [ | |
| IL@Fe3O4@CS | milk | antibiotics and their metabolites | MSPE | UPLC-MS/MS | 0.040-0.19 μg/kg | [ | |
| Additive | [OMIM][PF6]@SiO2@Fe3O4 | tomato sauces | safranine T | MSPE | UV-Vis | 0.37 ng/mL | [ |
| Poly([VOIM][Br])@SiO2@Fe3O4@G | vegetable | preservatives | QuEChERS | GC-MS/MS | 0.020-0.42 μg/L | [ | |
| [BMIM][Trp]@SiO2@Fe3O4@GO | pepper, water | sudanⅠ-Ⅳ | MSPE | HPLC-UV | 0.010-0.50 µg/mL | [ | |
| Metal ions | [DABCO-PDO][Cl]@SiO2@Fe3O4 | milk | Pb(Ⅱ), Cd(Ⅱ) | MSPE | FAAS | 0.070-0.090 µg/L | [ |
| [HMIM][PF6]@SiO2@Fe3O4@GO | shellfish | Pb(Ⅱ), Cu(Ⅱ), Cr(Ⅱ) | d-MSPE | ICP-MS | 2.4-3.8 ng/L | [ | |
| Biological toxins | [HMIM][Br]@Fe3O4-COOH@MIL-101 | milk | aflatoxin | MSPE | HPLC-FLD | 0.030-0.15 μg/L | [ |
| Poly([VDIm][Br])@SiO2@Fe3O4 | vegetable oil | vomitoxin | MSPE | UHPLC-UV | 3.3 μg/kg | [ | |
| Endocrine disruptors | [C4MIM][PF6]@HP-β-CD@Fe3O4 | drink | bisphenol A | MSPE | HPLC-FLD | 0.40 μg/L | [ |
| 3D-[APMIM][Br]@Fe3O4@GO | vegetable oil | polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons | MSPE | GC-MS | 0.10-0.60 μg/kg | [ | |
| Secondary metabolites | [VOIM][Br]@SiO2@Fe3O4@CS@GO | coffee, milk tea, hot pot seasoning | alkaloids | MSPE | UPLC-MS/MS | - | [ |
| Poly(CalixIL)@SiO2@Fe3O4 | fruit juice, green tea | flavonoids | MSPE | HPLC-DAD | 0.15-0.75 ng/mL | [ |
Classification of analytes | Adsorbents | Samples | Analytes | Extraction technology | Detection methods | LOD | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Biomolecule | [PFIL-Ti4+]@mSiO2@Fe3O4 | protein solution, saliva | phosphopeptides | MSPE | MALDI-TOFMS | - | [ |
| Poly([APr-VBIM][Cl])@Fe3O4@MWCNTs | porcine whole blood | Cu, Zn-superoxide dismutase | MSPE | UV-Vis | - | [ | |
| HDI-[EMIM][Lpro]@Fe3O4 | blood | hemoglobin | MSPE | UV-Vis | - | [ | |
| GIL@Fe3O4@GO | single-stranded DNA samples, salmon sperm DNA, sodium salt, etc. | DNA | MSPE | UV-Vis | - | [ | |
| DAAAIL@Fe3O4@PEG | rude bovine, porcine pancreas | trypsin | MSPE | UV-Vis | 3.1 μg/mL | [ | |
| Drugs | Poly([VOIM][PF6])@Fe3O4@SiO2 | plasma | empagliflozin, metformin and canagliflozin | MSPE | HPLC-UV | 0.80-6.0 ng/mL | [ |
| IL@SiO2@Fe3O4 | blood | tolmetin, indometacin, naproxen | SPE-MSPE | HPLC-UV | 0.20-0.30 mg/kg | [ | |
| [HMIM][PF6]@Fe3O4@G | urine | tramadol | MHMDSPE | HPLC-UV | 12 ng/mL | [ | |
| Endocrine disruptors | 3D-IL@Fe3O4@GO | blood | polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons | PT-SPE | GC-MS | 0.0020-0.0040 µg/L | [ |
表4 IL-Fe3O4 NPs在生物样品中的应用
Table 4 Applications of IL-Fe3O4 NPs in biological samples
Classification of analytes | Adsorbents | Samples | Analytes | Extraction technology | Detection methods | LOD | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Biomolecule | [PFIL-Ti4+]@mSiO2@Fe3O4 | protein solution, saliva | phosphopeptides | MSPE | MALDI-TOFMS | - | [ |
| Poly([APr-VBIM][Cl])@Fe3O4@MWCNTs | porcine whole blood | Cu, Zn-superoxide dismutase | MSPE | UV-Vis | - | [ | |
| HDI-[EMIM][Lpro]@Fe3O4 | blood | hemoglobin | MSPE | UV-Vis | - | [ | |
| GIL@Fe3O4@GO | single-stranded DNA samples, salmon sperm DNA, sodium salt, etc. | DNA | MSPE | UV-Vis | - | [ | |
| DAAAIL@Fe3O4@PEG | rude bovine, porcine pancreas | trypsin | MSPE | UV-Vis | 3.1 μg/mL | [ | |
| Drugs | Poly([VOIM][PF6])@Fe3O4@SiO2 | plasma | empagliflozin, metformin and canagliflozin | MSPE | HPLC-UV | 0.80-6.0 ng/mL | [ |
| IL@SiO2@Fe3O4 | blood | tolmetin, indometacin, naproxen | SPE-MSPE | HPLC-UV | 0.20-0.30 mg/kg | [ | |
| [HMIM][PF6]@Fe3O4@G | urine | tramadol | MHMDSPE | HPLC-UV | 12 ng/mL | [ | |
| Endocrine disruptors | 3D-IL@Fe3O4@GO | blood | polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons | PT-SPE | GC-MS | 0.0020-0.0040 µg/L | [ |
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