色谱 ›› 2026, Vol. 44 ›› Issue (11): 1367-1379.DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1123.2026.01021

• 研究论文 • 上一篇    下一篇

基于金属有机框架HKUST-1功能化聚合物整体柱的环境水样中痕量微囊藻毒素微萃取与分析

郑珺瀛, 曾虹燕, 吴晓苹*()   

  1. 福州大学食品安全与生物分析教育部重点实验室,福州大学化学学院,福建 福州 350116
  • 收稿日期:2026-03-12 出版日期:2026-11-08 发布日期:2026-11-03
  • 通讯作者: * Tel:0591-22866131,E-mail:wapple@fzu.edu.cn.
  • 作者简介:#共同第一作者.
  • 基金资助:
    国家自然科学基金项目(22076024);福建省自然科学基金项目(2022J01539)

Enrichment and analysis of trace microcystins in environmental water based on metal-organic framework HKUST-1 functionalized polymer monolithic column

ZHENG Junying, ZENG Hongyan, WU Xiaoping*()   

  1. Key Laboratory for Analytical Science of Food Safety and Biology,College of Chemistry,Fuzhou University,Fuzhou 350116,China
  • Received:2026-03-12 Online:2026-11-08 Published:2026-11-03
  • Supported by:
    National Natural Science Foundation of China(22076024);Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province(2022J01539)

摘要:

微囊藻毒素(MCs)是一类环状七肽毒素,可造成水体污染,并能在水生生物体内富集、沿食物链传递,对人类健康构成严重威胁。然而,环境水样中复杂基质的干扰以及MCs的痕量存在,给其分析检测带来了严峻挑战,亟需开发高效的预处理技术加以克服。本研究利用离子液体介导反应快速聚合制备了一种金属有机框架HKUST-1功能化聚合物整体柱(HKUST-1@poly(DVB-co-AM-co-GMA)),并将其作为毛细管微萃取固定相用于富集水中的MCs。整体柱的制备是以甲基丙烯酸甘油酯(GMA)和丙烯酰胺(AM)为双功能单体,掺杂金属有机框架HKUST-1,以二乙烯苯(DVB)为交联剂,1-己基-3-甲基咪唑四氟硼酸盐([HMIM][BF4])和环己醇为二元致孔剂,热引发聚合而成。表面形貌特征和元素组成表征结果表明,金属有机框架HKUST-1的引入显著增加了整体柱材料的介孔和微孔占比,并提高了比表面积,改善了传统有机聚合物整体柱比表面积小和易溶胀的缺陷,提高了材料对MCs的富集效率。在最优萃取条件下,将HKUST-1功能化整体柱作为毛细管微萃取(CME)的萃取相,与液相色谱-串联质谱(LC-MS/MS)联用,分析环境水样中的3种MCs异构体,检出限为0.28~0.60 ng/L,定量限为0.94~1.99 ng/L,回收率为82.2%~112.0%,相对标准偏差(RSD)不大于7.9%(n=3)。研究表明,借助HKUST-1功能化整体柱提供的特异性金属识别位点、氢键相互作用和π-π相互作用,该方法可高效富集并灵敏检测环境水体中的超痕量MCs,应用前景良好。

关键词: 微囊藻毒素, 金属有机框架, 功能化整体柱, 毛细管微萃取, 液相色谱-串联质谱

Abstract:

Microcystins (MCs) are cyclic heptapeptide toxins that cause aquatic pollution. Through bioaccumulation,they can induce irreversible cellular and organ damage and significantly increase the risk of liver cancer,posing a serious threat to human health. However,interference from complex matrices in environmental water samples,as well as the trace concentrations of MCs,necessitates the development of efficient pretreatment techniques. Capillary microextraction (CME) is a miniaturized sample preparation technique derived from in-tube solid-phase microextraction (SPME). By integrating extraction and concentration into a single step,CME offers distinct advantages,including low sample consumption,rapid equilibration,and high extraction efficiency. The performance of CME is critically dependent on the properties of its stationary phase,which governs analyte retention and selectivity. Traditional organic polymer monolithic columns are widely used due to their simple preparation and the availability of diverse functional monomers. Nevertheless,their fabrication process often suffers from issues such as particle agglomeration and heterogeneous pore distribution. These structural irregularities lead to limited specific surface area,poor mechanical stability,and ultimately,compromised extraction efficiency. With their high specific surface area,uniform pore size distribution,and highly tunable surface properties,metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are ideal adsorbents that effectively overcome the limitations in porosity and specific surface area associated with traditional polymer-based materials. This study employed an ionic liquid-mediated ionothermal reaction to rapidly fabricate a metal-organic framework HKUST-1-functionalized polymer monolith column (HKUST-1@poly(DVB-co-AM-co-GMA)),which was used as a capillary microextraction (CME) medium to enrich MCs in water. In detail,the functionalized monolithic column was prepared using glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) and acrylamide (AM) as bifunctional monomers,divinylbenzene (DVB) as the crosslinking agent,a mixture of 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([HMIM][BF4]) and cyclohexanol as dual porogens,and HKUST-1 as the dopant. The morphology,elemental composition,specific surface area and pore size distribution of the monolithic material were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM),Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR),X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and nitrogen adsorption–desorption isotherms. The results indicate that the incorporation of the metal-organic framework HKUST-1 significantly increases the proportion of mesopores and micropores in the monolithic column material. This enhancement increases the specific surface area and overcomes the low porosity,small surface area,and swelling susceptibility characteristic of traditional organic polymer monolithic columns. Consequently,the extraction efficiency of the proposed MOF hybrid monolith for enriching MCs is significantly improved. Meanwhile,the effects of extraction conditions (sample pH,sample flow rate) and elution conditions (formic acid concentration in eluent,elution flow rate) on enrichment efficiency were systematically investigated. Under optimized extraction conditions,the HKUST-1-functionalized monolith-based CME coupled with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was employed to enrich and analyze three MC isomers in environmental water samples. Over the mass concentration range of 0.01-10 µg/L,the three MCs exhibited good linearity (R2≥0.995 5) between their mass concentrations and the peak areas of corresponding quantified ions. The limits of detection (LODs) and quantification (LOQs) were 0.28-0.60 ng/L and 0.94-1.99 ng/L,respectively,both significantly below the World Health Organization (WHO) maximum permissible concentration for MC-LR in water. The established analytical method yielded recoveries ranging from 82.2% to 112.0% for three environmental water samples,with relative standard deviations (RSDs)≤7.9% (n=3),exhibiting satisfactory precision and accuracy. Compared to other reported methods,the developed method requires less sample solvent (1.0 mL),achieves a lower LOD,and completes enrichment within 30 min. In conclusion,we demonstrate that the hyphenated analytical method efficiently detects ultra-trace MCs in environmental water,due to the specific coordination,hydrogen bond and π-π interactions afforded by the HKUST-1 functionalized monolith. This method shows promising value for monitoring trace environmental contaminants and advancing miniaturized pretreatment techniques.

Key words: microcystins (MCs), metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), functionalized monolithic column, capillary microextraction (CME), liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS)

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