色谱 ›› 2025, Vol. 43 ›› Issue (6): 559-570.DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1123.2024.11022
杨艳伟1, 张续1,2, 林潇1,2, 孙琦1,2, 付慧1, 陆一夫1,2, 邱天1,2, 张卓娜1,2, 谢琳娜1,2, 张海婧1,2, 张淼1, 胡小键1, 曲英莉1,2, 赵峰1,2, 吕跃斌1,2, 朱英1,2,*(), 施小明2,3,*(
)
收稿日期:
2024-11-22
出版日期:
2025-06-08
发布日期:
2025-05-21
通讯作者:
* Tel:(010)50930161,E-mail:zhuying@nieh.chinacdc.cn(朱英);
Tel:(010)58900309,E-mail:shixm@chinacdc.cn(施小明).基金资助:
YANG Yanwei1, ZHANG Xu1,2, LIN Xiao1,2, SUN Qi1,2, FU Hui1, LU Yifu1,2, QIU Tian1,2, ZHANG Zhuona1,2, XIE Linna1,2, ZHANG Haijing1,2, ZHANG Miao1, HU Xiaojian1, QU Yingli1,2, ZHAO Feng1,2, LYU Yuebin1,2, ZHU Ying1,2,*(), SHI Xiaoming2,3,*(
)
Received:
2024-11-22
Online:
2025-06-08
Published:
2025-05-21
Supported by:
摘要:
国家人体生物监测项目于2016年正式启动,该项目的目标是通过对我国人群进行现场流行病学调查,并监测人体生物样本中的环境污染物,来获取具有代表性的环境污染物在普通人群中的暴露负荷数据,为政府制定环境污染防控政策和采取相应干预措施提供重要的科学依据。为了获取人群生物样本中准确且可比的化学污染物数据,在国家人体生物监测项目的框架下,实验室从分析方法、实验空白到检测过程,对化学污染物的靶向定量分析实施了多维度的质量控制措施。项目的质量控制程序分为两个阶段进行:(1)检测前阶段中生物监测分析方法的验证、空白的筛查与控制;(2)检测阶段中大规模样本分析过程的质量控制。应用于国家人体生物监测项目的分析方法均需经过验证程序,以全面评估方法的性能,验证的重点包括方法检出限和方法定量限、基质效应、稳定性及残留与稀释。所有监测指标均需通过空白筛查程序,以识别、消除或降低实验中的空白干扰,确保每批次的空白测定结果均低于方法检出限。实验室采用内部质量控制与外部质量控制相结合的方式,具体措施主要包括:(1)10类监测指标的方法验证及检测过程均使用包括美国国家标准与技术研究院(NIST)、欧洲标准局(ERM)及中国标准物质中心在内生产的生物基质标准物质,以确保方法的准确性及溯源性;(2)15类监测指标使用商品质控样和内部质控样,以评价测试过程的稳定性;(3)9类共60项监测指标参与德国外部质量评估计划(G-EQUAS),并取得了满意的结果;(4)15类监测指标使用盲样。多维度的质量控制措施为生成高质量的生物监测数据提供了专业支撑。
中图分类号:
杨艳伟, 张续, 林潇, 孙琦, 付慧, 陆一夫, 邱天, 张卓娜, 谢琳娜, 张海婧, 张淼, 胡小键, 曲英莉, 赵峰, 吕跃斌, 朱英, 施小明. 国家人体生物监测项目中化学污染物靶向定量分析的实验室质量控制策略[J]. 色谱, 2025, 43(6): 559-570.
YANG Yanwei, ZHANG Xu, LIN Xiao, SUN Qi, FU Hui, LU Yifu, QIU Tian, ZHANG Zhuona, XIE Linna, ZHANG Haijing, ZHANG Miao, HU Xiaojian, QU Yingli, ZHAO Feng, LYU Yuebin, ZHU Ying, SHI Xiaoming. Quality control strategy for targeted quantitative analysis of chemical pollutants in China National Human Biomonitoring Program[J]. Chinese Journal of Chromatography, 2025, 43(6): 559-570.
Chemicals | Analytes | Analytical methods |
---|---|---|
Metals and metalloids[ | 20 substances in human blood and urine, including arsenic (As), barium (Ba), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), cobalt (Co), copper (Cu), lead (Pb), mercury (Hg), manganese (Mn), molybdenum (Mo), nickle (Ni), selenium (Se), stannum (Sn), stibium (Sb), strontium (Sr), silver (Ag), thallium (Tl), titanium (Ti), vanadium (V), zinc (Zn) | ICP-MS |
Ionic compounds | four substances in human urine, including calcium (Ca), fluoride (F), magnesium (Mg), phosphate (P) | IC |
Arsenic species | six substances in human urine, including arsenous acid (As-Ⅲ), arsenic acid (As-V), arsenobetaine (AsB), arsenocholine (AsC), dimethylarsinic acid (DMA), monomethylarsonic acid (MMA) | HPLC-ICP-MS |
Phthalate (PAE) metabolites[ | 15 substances in human urine, including mono-methyl phthalate (MMP), mono-ethyl phthalate (MEP), mono-isobutyl phthalate (MiBP), mono-n-butyl phthalate (MnBP), mono-benzyl phthalate (MBzP), mono-ethlyhexyl phthalate (MEHP), mono-cyclohexyl phthalate (MCHP), mono-ethyl oxohexyl phthalate (MEOHP), mono-ethyl hydroxyhexyl phthalate (MEHHP), mono-octyl phthalate (MOP), mono-isodecyl phthalate (MDP), mono-isononyl phthalate (MNP), mono-(2-ethyl-5-carboxypentyl) phthalate (MECPP), mono-(carboxyoctyl) phthalate (MCOP), mono-(2-carboxymethylhexyl) phthalate (MCMHP) | UPLC-MS/MS |
Bisphenol compounds[ | nine substances in human urine, including bisphenol A (BPA), bisphenol B (BPB), bisphenol C (BPC), bisphenol F (BPF), bisphenol S (BPS), bisphenol AF (BPAF), bisphenol AP (BPAP), tetrachlorobisphenol A (TCBPA), tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) | UPLC-MS/MS |
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) metabolites[ | 12 substances in human urine, including 1-naphthol (1-NAP), 2-naphthol (2-NAP), 2-hydroxyfluorene (2-FLU), 3-hydroxyfluorene (3-FLU), 9-hydroxyfluorene (9-FLU), 1-hydroxyphenanthrene (1-PHE), 2-hydroxyphenanthrene (2-PHE), 3-hydroxyphenanthrene (3-PHE), 4-hydroxyphenanthrene (4-PHE), 1-hydroxypyrene (1-PYR), 3-hydroxychrysene (3-CHR), 6-hydroxychrysene (6-CHR) | UPLC-MS/MS, HRGC-MS |
Volatile organic compound metabolites[ | 15 substances in human urine, including N-acetyl-S-(2-hydroxypropyl)-L-cysteine (2HPMA), 2-methylhippuric acid (2MHA), N-acetyl-S-(3-hydroxypropyl)-L-cysteine (3HPMA), 3-methylhippuric acid+4-methylhippuric acid (3MHA+4MHA), N-acetyl-S-(2-carbamoylethyl)-L-cysteine (AAMA), N-acetyl-S-(N-methylcarbamoyl)-L-cysteine (AMCC), N-acetyl-S-(benzyl)-L-cysteine (BMA), N-acetyl-S-(2-carboxyethyl)-L-cysteine (CEMA), N-acetyl-S-(2-cyanoethyl)-L-cysteine (CYMA), N-acetyl-S-(3,4-dihydroxybutyl)-L-cysteine (DHBMA), N-acetyl-S-(2-hydroxyethyl)-L-cysteine (HEMA), mandelic acid (MA), trans, trans-muconic acid (MU), phenylglyoxylic acid (PGA), N-acetyl-S-(phenyl)-L-cysteine (S-PMA) | UPLC-MS/MS |
Pesticides and their metabolites[ | eight substances in human urine, including para-nitrophenol (PNP), 3,5,6-tricholor-2-pyridinol (TCPY), 3-phenoxy benzoic acid (3-PBA), 4-fluoro-3-phenoxy benzoic acid (4F-3-PBA), cis-dibromovinyl-dimethylcyclopropane carboxylic acid (cis-DCCA), trans-dichlorovinyl-dimethylcyclopropane carboxylic acid (trans-DCCA), 2,4-dicholorphenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), 2,4,5-tricholorphenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T) | UPLC-MS/MS |
Antibiotics[ | 43 substances in human urine, including azithromycin, clarithromycin, roxithromycin, tilmicosin, erythromycin, chlortetracycline, tetracycline, doxycycline, oxytetracycline, ofloxacin, enrofloxacin, pefloxacin, difloxacin, lomefloxacin, sarafloxacin, besifloxacin, formylciprofloxacin, 8-fluoro gatifloxacin, desmethylofloxacin, sulfamethazine, sulfamethoxazole, sulfadiazine, trimethoprim, sulfameter, sulfaquinoxaline, sulfachloropyridazine, clenbuterol, sulfamonomethoxine, 4-(3′-methylphenyl)amino-3-pyridinesulfonamide, sulfalene, sulfaclozine, ceftiofur, cefaclor, cefotaxime, ampicillin, penicillin V, penicillin G, cefquimide, quinocetone, lincomycin, terbutaline, salbutamol, ractopamine | UPLC-MS/MS |
Neonicotinoid insecticide | 12 substances in human urine, including deet, acetamiprid-N-desmethyl, 3-(diethylcarbamoyl) benzoic acid, N-ethyl benzamid-3-carboxylate, N,N-diethyl-3-(hydroxymethyl) benzamide, imidacloprid, admire, acetamiprid, clothianidin, saichongan, thiacloprid, hydroxyimidacloprid | UPLC-MS/MS |
Self-care and consumer product chemicals[ | 12 substances in human urine, including methyl paraben (MeP), ethyl paraben (EtP), propyl paraben (PrP), butyl paraben (BuP), 4-hydroxy benzophenone (4-OHBP), benzophenone-1 (BP-1), benzophenone-2 (BP-2), benzophenone-3 (BP-3), benzophenone-8 (BP-8), benzyl paraben (BzP), triclsan (TCS), triclocarban (TCC) | UPLC-MS/MS |
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances[ | 18 substances in human serum, including perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA), perfluoropentanoic acid (PFPeA), perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA), prfluoroheptanoic acid (PFHpA), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA), perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA), perfluoroundecanoic acid (PFUnDA), perfluorododecanoate acid (PFDoDA), perfluorotridecanoate acid (PFTriDA), perfluorotetradecanoic acid (PFTeDA), perfluorobutane sulfonate (PFBS), perfluorohexanesulfonate (PFHxS), perfluoroheptanesulfonate (PFHpS), perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), 4∶2 chlorinated polyfluorinated ether sulfonate (4∶2 Cl-PFESA), 6∶2 chlorinated polyfluorinated ether sulfonate (6∶2 CI-PFESA), 8∶2 chlorinated polyfluorinated ether sulfonate (8∶2 Cl-PFESA) | UPLC-MS/MS |
Tobacco metabolites[ | two substances in human serum, including cotinine and hydroxycotinine | UPLC-MS/MS |
Organochlorines[ | 43 substances in human serum, including α-hexachlorocyclohexane, α-chlordane, aldrin, β-hexachlorocyclohexane, δ-hexachlorocyclohexane, dieldrin, endosulfan 1, endosulfan 2, endrin, γ-hexachlorocyclohexane, γ-chlordane, heptachlor, heptachlor epoxide A, heptachlor epoxide B, hexachlorobenzene, isodrin, methoxychlor, mirex, 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(2,4′-dichlorophenyl)ethane (o,p′-DDD), 1,1-dichlor-2,2-bis(4-chlor-phenyl)ethanep (p,p′-DDD), 2-(2-chlorophenyl)-2-(4-chlorophenyl)-1,1-dichloroethylene (o,p′-DDE), 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(4-chorophenyl)ethylene (p,p′-DDE), 1,1,1-trichloro-2-(2-chlorophenyl)-2-(4-chlorophenyl)ethane (o,p′-DDT), 1,1-(2,2,2-trichloroethyliden)bis-(4-chlorobenzol)(p,p′-DDT), oxychlordane, 2,2′,4,5,5′-pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB101), 2,3,3′,4,4′-pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB105), 2,3,4,4′,5-pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB114), 2,3′,4,4′,5-pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB118), 2′,3,4,4′,5-pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB123), 3,3′,4,4′,5-pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB126), 2,2′,3,4,4′,5′-hexachlorobiphenyl (PCB138), 2,2′,4,4′,5,5′-hexachlorobiphenyl (PCB153), 2,3,3′,4,4′,5-hexachlorobiphenyl (PCB156), 2,3,3′,4,4′,5′-hexachlorobiphenyl (PCB157), 2,3′,4,4′,5,5′-hexachlorobiphenyl (PCB167), 3,3′,4,4′,5,5′-hexachlorobiphenyl (PCB169), 2,2′,3,4,4′,5,5′-heptachlorobiphenyl (PCB180), 2,3,3′,4,4′,5,5′-heptachlorobiphenyl (PCB189), 2,4,4′-trichlorobiphenyl (PCB28), 2,2′,5,5′-tetrachlorobiphenyl (PCB52), 3,3′,4,4′-tetrachlorobiphenyl (PCB77), 3,4,4′,5-tetrachlorobiphenyl (PCB81) | GC-MS/MS |
Brominated flame retardants[ | 14 substances in human serum, including 2,2′,4′-tribromodiphenyl ether (BDE-17), 2,4,4′-tribromodiphenyl ether (BDE-28), 2,2′,4,4′-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47), 2,3′,4,4′-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-66), 2,3′,4′,6-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-71), 2,2′,3,4,4′-pentabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-85), 2,2′,4,4′,5-pentabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-99), 2,2′,4,4′,6-pentabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-100), 2,2′,3,4,4′,5′-hexabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-138), 2,2′,4,4′,5,5′-hexabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-153), 2,2′,4,4′,5,6′-hexabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-154), 2,2′,3,4,4′,5′,6-heptabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-183), 2,3,3′,4,4′,5,6-heptabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-190), 2,2′,3,3′,4,4′,5,5′,6,6′-decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) | HRGC-MS |
表 1 国家人体生物监测项目中已实施的监测指标及其分析方法
Table 1 Monitoring indicators and analytical methods implemented in the China National Human Biomonitoring Program
Chemicals | Analytes | Analytical methods |
---|---|---|
Metals and metalloids[ | 20 substances in human blood and urine, including arsenic (As), barium (Ba), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), cobalt (Co), copper (Cu), lead (Pb), mercury (Hg), manganese (Mn), molybdenum (Mo), nickle (Ni), selenium (Se), stannum (Sn), stibium (Sb), strontium (Sr), silver (Ag), thallium (Tl), titanium (Ti), vanadium (V), zinc (Zn) | ICP-MS |
Ionic compounds | four substances in human urine, including calcium (Ca), fluoride (F), magnesium (Mg), phosphate (P) | IC |
Arsenic species | six substances in human urine, including arsenous acid (As-Ⅲ), arsenic acid (As-V), arsenobetaine (AsB), arsenocholine (AsC), dimethylarsinic acid (DMA), monomethylarsonic acid (MMA) | HPLC-ICP-MS |
Phthalate (PAE) metabolites[ | 15 substances in human urine, including mono-methyl phthalate (MMP), mono-ethyl phthalate (MEP), mono-isobutyl phthalate (MiBP), mono-n-butyl phthalate (MnBP), mono-benzyl phthalate (MBzP), mono-ethlyhexyl phthalate (MEHP), mono-cyclohexyl phthalate (MCHP), mono-ethyl oxohexyl phthalate (MEOHP), mono-ethyl hydroxyhexyl phthalate (MEHHP), mono-octyl phthalate (MOP), mono-isodecyl phthalate (MDP), mono-isononyl phthalate (MNP), mono-(2-ethyl-5-carboxypentyl) phthalate (MECPP), mono-(carboxyoctyl) phthalate (MCOP), mono-(2-carboxymethylhexyl) phthalate (MCMHP) | UPLC-MS/MS |
Bisphenol compounds[ | nine substances in human urine, including bisphenol A (BPA), bisphenol B (BPB), bisphenol C (BPC), bisphenol F (BPF), bisphenol S (BPS), bisphenol AF (BPAF), bisphenol AP (BPAP), tetrachlorobisphenol A (TCBPA), tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) | UPLC-MS/MS |
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) metabolites[ | 12 substances in human urine, including 1-naphthol (1-NAP), 2-naphthol (2-NAP), 2-hydroxyfluorene (2-FLU), 3-hydroxyfluorene (3-FLU), 9-hydroxyfluorene (9-FLU), 1-hydroxyphenanthrene (1-PHE), 2-hydroxyphenanthrene (2-PHE), 3-hydroxyphenanthrene (3-PHE), 4-hydroxyphenanthrene (4-PHE), 1-hydroxypyrene (1-PYR), 3-hydroxychrysene (3-CHR), 6-hydroxychrysene (6-CHR) | UPLC-MS/MS, HRGC-MS |
Volatile organic compound metabolites[ | 15 substances in human urine, including N-acetyl-S-(2-hydroxypropyl)-L-cysteine (2HPMA), 2-methylhippuric acid (2MHA), N-acetyl-S-(3-hydroxypropyl)-L-cysteine (3HPMA), 3-methylhippuric acid+4-methylhippuric acid (3MHA+4MHA), N-acetyl-S-(2-carbamoylethyl)-L-cysteine (AAMA), N-acetyl-S-(N-methylcarbamoyl)-L-cysteine (AMCC), N-acetyl-S-(benzyl)-L-cysteine (BMA), N-acetyl-S-(2-carboxyethyl)-L-cysteine (CEMA), N-acetyl-S-(2-cyanoethyl)-L-cysteine (CYMA), N-acetyl-S-(3,4-dihydroxybutyl)-L-cysteine (DHBMA), N-acetyl-S-(2-hydroxyethyl)-L-cysteine (HEMA), mandelic acid (MA), trans, trans-muconic acid (MU), phenylglyoxylic acid (PGA), N-acetyl-S-(phenyl)-L-cysteine (S-PMA) | UPLC-MS/MS |
Pesticides and their metabolites[ | eight substances in human urine, including para-nitrophenol (PNP), 3,5,6-tricholor-2-pyridinol (TCPY), 3-phenoxy benzoic acid (3-PBA), 4-fluoro-3-phenoxy benzoic acid (4F-3-PBA), cis-dibromovinyl-dimethylcyclopropane carboxylic acid (cis-DCCA), trans-dichlorovinyl-dimethylcyclopropane carboxylic acid (trans-DCCA), 2,4-dicholorphenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), 2,4,5-tricholorphenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T) | UPLC-MS/MS |
Antibiotics[ | 43 substances in human urine, including azithromycin, clarithromycin, roxithromycin, tilmicosin, erythromycin, chlortetracycline, tetracycline, doxycycline, oxytetracycline, ofloxacin, enrofloxacin, pefloxacin, difloxacin, lomefloxacin, sarafloxacin, besifloxacin, formylciprofloxacin, 8-fluoro gatifloxacin, desmethylofloxacin, sulfamethazine, sulfamethoxazole, sulfadiazine, trimethoprim, sulfameter, sulfaquinoxaline, sulfachloropyridazine, clenbuterol, sulfamonomethoxine, 4-(3′-methylphenyl)amino-3-pyridinesulfonamide, sulfalene, sulfaclozine, ceftiofur, cefaclor, cefotaxime, ampicillin, penicillin V, penicillin G, cefquimide, quinocetone, lincomycin, terbutaline, salbutamol, ractopamine | UPLC-MS/MS |
Neonicotinoid insecticide | 12 substances in human urine, including deet, acetamiprid-N-desmethyl, 3-(diethylcarbamoyl) benzoic acid, N-ethyl benzamid-3-carboxylate, N,N-diethyl-3-(hydroxymethyl) benzamide, imidacloprid, admire, acetamiprid, clothianidin, saichongan, thiacloprid, hydroxyimidacloprid | UPLC-MS/MS |
Self-care and consumer product chemicals[ | 12 substances in human urine, including methyl paraben (MeP), ethyl paraben (EtP), propyl paraben (PrP), butyl paraben (BuP), 4-hydroxy benzophenone (4-OHBP), benzophenone-1 (BP-1), benzophenone-2 (BP-2), benzophenone-3 (BP-3), benzophenone-8 (BP-8), benzyl paraben (BzP), triclsan (TCS), triclocarban (TCC) | UPLC-MS/MS |
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances[ | 18 substances in human serum, including perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA), perfluoropentanoic acid (PFPeA), perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA), prfluoroheptanoic acid (PFHpA), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA), perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA), perfluoroundecanoic acid (PFUnDA), perfluorododecanoate acid (PFDoDA), perfluorotridecanoate acid (PFTriDA), perfluorotetradecanoic acid (PFTeDA), perfluorobutane sulfonate (PFBS), perfluorohexanesulfonate (PFHxS), perfluoroheptanesulfonate (PFHpS), perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), 4∶2 chlorinated polyfluorinated ether sulfonate (4∶2 Cl-PFESA), 6∶2 chlorinated polyfluorinated ether sulfonate (6∶2 CI-PFESA), 8∶2 chlorinated polyfluorinated ether sulfonate (8∶2 Cl-PFESA) | UPLC-MS/MS |
Tobacco metabolites[ | two substances in human serum, including cotinine and hydroxycotinine | UPLC-MS/MS |
Organochlorines[ | 43 substances in human serum, including α-hexachlorocyclohexane, α-chlordane, aldrin, β-hexachlorocyclohexane, δ-hexachlorocyclohexane, dieldrin, endosulfan 1, endosulfan 2, endrin, γ-hexachlorocyclohexane, γ-chlordane, heptachlor, heptachlor epoxide A, heptachlor epoxide B, hexachlorobenzene, isodrin, methoxychlor, mirex, 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(2,4′-dichlorophenyl)ethane (o,p′-DDD), 1,1-dichlor-2,2-bis(4-chlor-phenyl)ethanep (p,p′-DDD), 2-(2-chlorophenyl)-2-(4-chlorophenyl)-1,1-dichloroethylene (o,p′-DDE), 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(4-chorophenyl)ethylene (p,p′-DDE), 1,1,1-trichloro-2-(2-chlorophenyl)-2-(4-chlorophenyl)ethane (o,p′-DDT), 1,1-(2,2,2-trichloroethyliden)bis-(4-chlorobenzol)(p,p′-DDT), oxychlordane, 2,2′,4,5,5′-pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB101), 2,3,3′,4,4′-pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB105), 2,3,4,4′,5-pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB114), 2,3′,4,4′,5-pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB118), 2′,3,4,4′,5-pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB123), 3,3′,4,4′,5-pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB126), 2,2′,3,4,4′,5′-hexachlorobiphenyl (PCB138), 2,2′,4,4′,5,5′-hexachlorobiphenyl (PCB153), 2,3,3′,4,4′,5-hexachlorobiphenyl (PCB156), 2,3,3′,4,4′,5′-hexachlorobiphenyl (PCB157), 2,3′,4,4′,5,5′-hexachlorobiphenyl (PCB167), 3,3′,4,4′,5,5′-hexachlorobiphenyl (PCB169), 2,2′,3,4,4′,5,5′-heptachlorobiphenyl (PCB180), 2,3,3′,4,4′,5,5′-heptachlorobiphenyl (PCB189), 2,4,4′-trichlorobiphenyl (PCB28), 2,2′,5,5′-tetrachlorobiphenyl (PCB52), 3,3′,4,4′-tetrachlorobiphenyl (PCB77), 3,4,4′,5-tetrachlorobiphenyl (PCB81) | GC-MS/MS |
Brominated flame retardants[ | 14 substances in human serum, including 2,2′,4′-tribromodiphenyl ether (BDE-17), 2,4,4′-tribromodiphenyl ether (BDE-28), 2,2′,4,4′-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47), 2,3′,4,4′-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-66), 2,3′,4′,6-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-71), 2,2′,3,4,4′-pentabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-85), 2,2′,4,4′,5-pentabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-99), 2,2′,4,4′,6-pentabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-100), 2,2′,3,4,4′,5′-hexabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-138), 2,2′,4,4′,5,5′-hexabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-153), 2,2′,4,4′,5,6′-hexabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-154), 2,2′,3,4,4′,5′,6-heptabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-183), 2,3,3′,4,4′,5,6-heptabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-190), 2,2′,3,3′,4,4′,5,5′,6,6′-decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) | HRGC-MS |
Chemicals | SRM | Quality control sample | G-EQUAS | Interlaboratory comparison | Blind sample |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Metals and metalloids | / | √ | √ | √ | √ |
Ionic compounds | / | √ | √ | √ | √ |
Arsenic species | √ | √ | / | √ | √ |
PAE metabolites | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ |
Bisphenol compounds | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ |
PAH metabolites | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ |
Volatile organic compound metabolites | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ |
Pesticides and their metabolites | / | √ | √ | √ | √ |
Antibiotics | √ | √ | / | / | √ |
Neonicotinoid insecticide | / | √ | / | / | √ |
Self-care and consumer product chemicals | √ | √ | / | √ | √ |
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ |
Tobacco metabolites | / | √ | / | √ | √ |
Organochlorines | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ |
Brominated flame retardants | √ | √ | / | √ | √ |
表 2 样本检测过程中的质量控制措施
Table 2 Quality control measures during sample testing
Chemicals | SRM | Quality control sample | G-EQUAS | Interlaboratory comparison | Blind sample |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Metals and metalloids | / | √ | √ | √ | √ |
Ionic compounds | / | √ | √ | √ | √ |
Arsenic species | √ | √ | / | √ | √ |
PAE metabolites | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ |
Bisphenol compounds | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ |
PAH metabolites | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ |
Volatile organic compound metabolites | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ |
Pesticides and their metabolites | / | √ | √ | √ | √ |
Antibiotics | √ | √ | / | / | √ |
Neonicotinoid insecticide | / | √ | / | / | √ |
Self-care and consumer product chemicals | √ | √ | / | √ | √ |
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ |
Tobacco metabolites | / | √ | / | √ | √ |
Organochlorines | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ |
Brominated flame retardants | √ | √ | / | √ | √ |
Chemicals | Matrix | SRMs |
---|---|---|
Arsenic species | urine | NIST SRM 2669: arsenic species in frozen human urine GBW 09115: arsenic species in freeze-dry human urine |
PAE metabolites | urine | NIST SRM 3672: organic contaminants in non-smokers' urine |
Bisphenol compounds | urine | NIST SRM 3673: organic contaminants in non-smokers' urine |
PAH metabolites | urine | NIST SRM 3673: organic contaminants in non-smokers' urine |
Volatile organic compound metabolites | urine | NIST SRM 3673: organic contaminants in non-smokers' urine |
Antibiotics | urine | ERM BCR 503: bovine urine (clenbuterol and salbutamol) |
Self-care and consumer product chemicals | urine | NIST SRM 3673: organic contaminants in non-smokers' urine |
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances | serum | NIST SRM 1957: organic contaminants in non-fortified human serum |
Organochlorines | serum | NIST SRM 1957: organic contaminants in non-fortified human serum |
Brominated flame retardants | serum | NIST SRM 1957: organic contaminants in non-fortified human serum |
表 3 人体生物监测项目中标准参考物质的应用情况
Table 3 Application of SRMs in China National Human Biomonitoring Program
Chemicals | Matrix | SRMs |
---|---|---|
Arsenic species | urine | NIST SRM 2669: arsenic species in frozen human urine GBW 09115: arsenic species in freeze-dry human urine |
PAE metabolites | urine | NIST SRM 3672: organic contaminants in non-smokers' urine |
Bisphenol compounds | urine | NIST SRM 3673: organic contaminants in non-smokers' urine |
PAH metabolites | urine | NIST SRM 3673: organic contaminants in non-smokers' urine |
Volatile organic compound metabolites | urine | NIST SRM 3673: organic contaminants in non-smokers' urine |
Antibiotics | urine | ERM BCR 503: bovine urine (clenbuterol and salbutamol) |
Self-care and consumer product chemicals | urine | NIST SRM 3673: organic contaminants in non-smokers' urine |
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances | serum | NIST SRM 1957: organic contaminants in non-fortified human serum |
Organochlorines | serum | NIST SRM 1957: organic contaminants in non-fortified human serum |
Brominated flame retardants | serum | NIST SRM 1957: organic contaminants in non-fortified human serum |
Chemicals | Matrixes | Analytes |
---|---|---|
Metals and metalloids | blood/urine | As, Cd, Cr, Co, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Zn |
Ionic compounds | urine | F, Ca |
Phthalate metabolites | urine | MEP, MnBP, MiBP, MBzP, MEHP, 5-OH-MEHP, 5-OXO-MEHP, 5-carboxy-MEPP |
Bisphenol compounds | urine | BPA, BPS, BPF |
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon metabolites | urine | 1-NAP, 2-NAP, 1-PYR |
Volatile organic compound metabolites | urine | HA, MHA, MA, S-PMA, 2-HPMA, 3-HPMA, AAMA, AMCC, DHBMA, CEMA, HEMA |
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances | serum | PFOA, PFOS, PFNA, PFDA, PFHxS, PFHpS, PFBS, FPBA |
Pesticides and their metabolites | urine | cis-DCCA, trans-DCCA, 3-PBA, PNP, TCPY |
Organochlorines | serum | p,p′-DDE, DDT, α-HCH, β-HCH, γ-HCH, PCB-28, PCB-52, PCB-101, PCB-138, PCB-153, PCB-180 |
表 4 参与G-EQUAS的监测指标
Table 4 Monitoring indicators participated in the G-EQUAS
Chemicals | Matrixes | Analytes |
---|---|---|
Metals and metalloids | blood/urine | As, Cd, Cr, Co, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Zn |
Ionic compounds | urine | F, Ca |
Phthalate metabolites | urine | MEP, MnBP, MiBP, MBzP, MEHP, 5-OH-MEHP, 5-OXO-MEHP, 5-carboxy-MEPP |
Bisphenol compounds | urine | BPA, BPS, BPF |
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon metabolites | urine | 1-NAP, 2-NAP, 1-PYR |
Volatile organic compound metabolites | urine | HA, MHA, MA, S-PMA, 2-HPMA, 3-HPMA, AAMA, AMCC, DHBMA, CEMA, HEMA |
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances | serum | PFOA, PFOS, PFNA, PFDA, PFHxS, PFHpS, PFBS, FPBA |
Pesticides and their metabolites | urine | cis-DCCA, trans-DCCA, 3-PBA, PNP, TCPY |
Organochlorines | serum | p,p′-DDE, DDT, α-HCH, β-HCH, γ-HCH, PCB-28, PCB-52, PCB-101, PCB-138, PCB-153, PCB-180 |
图1 17种金属及类金属测定过程中5个盲样的变异系数
Fig. 1 Coefficients of variation of the five blind samples (BSs) during the determination of 17 metals and metalloidsBS-1, BS-2, BS-3, BS-4 and BS-5 represented five different levels of BSs, respectively.
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