Recent advances in sample preparation techniques for the lipid profiling based on chromatography-mass spectrometry

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1123.2019.06023

Abstract

Abstract:

As the main structural components of cellular and sub-cellular membranes, lipids are a major source of energy and play an important role in various biological processes such as cellular signaling. Lipid profiling has attracted increasing attention in recent years, and chromatography-mass spectrometry techniques for lipid profiling occupy a dominant position in this regard. Sample preparation, which aims at enriching trace substances and reducing matrix interferences, is a crucial step in the analysis of lipids for the intricacy of sample matrices. Here, we review recent developments in sample preparation techniques based on chromatography-mass spectrometry and their application to lipid profiling. Various sample preparation techniques are described and summarized. The extraction methods based on liquid phase included liquid-liquid extraction and single organic solvent extraction. The extraction methods based on solid phase involved solid-phase extraction and solid-phase microextraction. The field-assisted extraction methods cover supercritical fluid extraction, pressurized liquid extraction, microwave-assisted extraction, and ultrasound-assisted extraction. Moreover, online coupling sample preparation methods and sample preparation methods for in vivo lipid analysis are presented. Finally, the problems and trends in sample preparation techniques for lipid profiling based on chromatography-mass spectrometry are discussed. It is believed that efficient development of sample preparation techniques would help improve the sensitivity and selectivity of lipid profiling as well as the analysis speed.

Key words: sample preparation, lipid profiling, chromatography-mass spectrometry

YANG Jina, LIU Danyang, ZHOU Ting. Recent advances in sample preparation techniques for the lipid profiling based on chromatography-mass spectrometry[J]. Chinese Journal of Chromatography, 2020, 38(1): 74-85.

Figures/Tables 1

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Extraction method	Sample type	Analytical techniques	Advantages	Disadvantages	References
Extraction methods based on liquid phase
LLE	cell	LC-MS, GC-MS	well-established method	high consumption of toxic organic solvent	[34, 35]
	plasma, serum	LC-MS, GC-MS, SFC-MS	cheap apparatus and solvents	poor selectivity	[36-39]
	tissue	LC-MS, GC-MS, SFC-MS	short extraction time	phase separation can be difficult	[40-42]
	urine	LC-MS	external energy not required		[43]
SOSE	tissue	LC-MS, SFC-MS	easy to perform	toxic organic solvent consumption	[44-46]
	plasma, serum	LC-MS, SFC-MS	short extraction time	poor selectivity	[47-49]
	cell	LC-MS, GC-MS	external energy not required		[50, 51]
	fecal	GC-MS			[52]
Extraction methods based on solid phase
SPE	cell	LC-MS	no increase in temperature	costly SPE cartridges	[53]
	plasma, serum	LC-MS	matrix interference eliminated	toxic organic solvent consumption	[20, 54-56]
	tissue	LC-MS			[57-59]
SPME	cell	LC-MS	low solvent consumption	small extraction capacity	[60]
	tissue	LC-MS	short extraction time		[61]
Field-assisted extraction methods
SFE	dry blood spot	LC-MS	high extraction efficiency	sophisticated to operate	[62]
	plant	LC-MS, GC-MS, SFC-MS	environment friendly	high instrument investment	[63-65]
	oil	GC-MS			[66, 67]
PLE	soy, egg yolk, ox liver, krill oil	LC-MS	automated extraction technique	expensive	[68]
	microorganism	GC-MS	low solvent consumption		[69]
	tissue	LC-MS	short extraction time		[70]
	seed	GC-MS			[71]
MAE	tissue	GC-MS	high extraction efficiency	potential degradation	[72]
	microalgae	LC-MS			[73]
UAE	tissue	GC-MS	low solvent consumption	need external energy	[74]
	plasma	LC-MS	short extraction time	potential degradation	[75]
	microorganism	GC-MS			[76]
Online coupling methods
	plasma, serum	SPE-LC-MS	automation	sophisticated to operate	[77-79]
	cell	SPE-LC-MS	high throughput	high instrument investment	[80]
	whole blood	SFE-SFC-MS	time saving		[81]
	plant	SFE-SFC-MS	less artificial errors and sample loss		[82]
In vivo lipid profiling
	rat blood	LC-MS	real-time monitoring	difficult to operate	[83]

Extraction method	Sample type	Analytical techniques	Advantages	Disadvantages	References
Extraction methods based on liquid phase
LLE	cell	LC-MS, GC-MS	well-established method	high consumption of toxic organic solvent	[34, 35]
	plasma, serum	LC-MS, GC-MS, SFC-MS	cheap apparatus and solvents	poor selectivity	[36-39]
	tissue	LC-MS, GC-MS, SFC-MS	short extraction time	phase separation can be difficult	[40-42]
	urine	LC-MS	external energy not required		[43]
SOSE	tissue	LC-MS, SFC-MS	easy to perform	toxic organic solvent consumption	[44-46]
	plasma, serum	LC-MS, SFC-MS	short extraction time	poor selectivity	[47-49]
	cell	LC-MS, GC-MS	external energy not required		[50, 51]
	fecal	GC-MS			[52]
Extraction methods based on solid phase
SPE	cell	LC-MS	no increase in temperature	costly SPE cartridges	[53]
	plasma, serum	LC-MS	matrix interference eliminated	toxic organic solvent consumption	[20, 54-56]
	tissue	LC-MS			[57-59]
SPME	cell	LC-MS	low solvent consumption	small extraction capacity	[60]
	tissue	LC-MS	short extraction time		[61]
Field-assisted extraction methods
SFE	dry blood spot	LC-MS	high extraction efficiency	sophisticated to operate	[62]
	plant	LC-MS, GC-MS, SFC-MS	environment friendly	high instrument investment	[63-65]
	oil	GC-MS			[66, 67]
PLE	soy, egg yolk, ox liver, krill oil	LC-MS	automated extraction technique	expensive	[68]
	microorganism	GC-MS	low solvent consumption		[69]
	tissue	LC-MS	short extraction time		[70]
	seed	GC-MS			[71]
MAE	tissue	GC-MS	high extraction efficiency	potential degradation	[72]
	microalgae	LC-MS			[73]
UAE	tissue	GC-MS	low solvent consumption	need external energy	[74]
	plasma	LC-MS	short extraction time	potential degradation	[75]
	microorganism	GC-MS			[76]
Online coupling methods
	plasma, serum	SPE-LC-MS	automation	sophisticated to operate	[77-79]
	cell	SPE-LC-MS	high throughput	high instrument investment	[80]
	whole blood	SFE-SFC-MS	time saving		[81]
	plant	SFE-SFC-MS	less artificial errors and sample loss		[82]
In vivo lipid profiling
	rat blood	LC-MS	real-time monitoring	difficult to operate	[83]

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