Chinese Journal of Chromatography ›› 2025, Vol. 43 ›› Issue (9): 987-995.DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1123.2025.02007

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Advances in the development of analysis techniques for organophosphate diesters in water

CHEN Jie1, LIU Mingliang2, WU Lu3, XU Feng4, LYU Jing3, CHEN Linhai4, LI Wei4, FU Jie4,5,*(), FU Jianjie4   

  1. 1. PowerChina Huadong Engineering Co.,Ltd. ,Hangzhou 311122,China
    2. Hangzhou Institute of Ecological and Environmental Sciences,Hangzhou 310014,China
    3. Zhejiang Environmental Monitoring Engineering Co.,Ltd. ,Hangzhou 311100,China
    4. School of Environment,Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences,Hangzhou 310024,China
    5. Key Laboratory of Marine Ecosystem Dynamics,Second Institute of Oceanography,Ministry of Natural Resources,Hangzhou 310012,China
  • Received:2025-02-21 Online:2025-09-08 Published:2025-09-04
  • Supported by:
    Youth Fund of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22306040);China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2023M744123);Research Funds of Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS(2023HIAS-Y019)

Abstract:

Organophosphate triesters (tri-OPEs) are synthetic phosphate derivatives that are primarily used as flame retardants and plasticizers. Tri-OPEs have become significant aquatic contaminants owing to their large production volumes and wide range of applications. Organophosphate diesters (di-OPEs) are closely related to tri-OPEs. Aside from emissions resulting from the production and usage of di-OPEs themselves, tri-OPEs can become transformed into di-OPEs, which also provides a significant source of this environmental contaminant. The physicochemical properties of a di-OPE depend significantly on its structure, which provides challenges for their detection and analysis, including low extraction efficiencies, chromatographic separation difficulties, and a lack of highly sensitive quantitative methods for their analysis. An increasing number of studies have found that di-OPEs are present in industrial/domestic wastewater, surface water, and drinking water, with some concentrations in surface water and tap water close to or even higher than those of the corresponding tri-OPEs. Additionally, certain di-OPEs are somewhat more toxic than the corresponding tri-OPEs; hence, awareness that di-OPEs are present in aquatic environments has raised widespread concern. This review first systematically outlines the physicochemical properties of common di-OPEs and their potential sources based on previous research into di-OPEs in water matrices. In addition, the use of solid phase extraction (SPE) technology to extract, enrich, and purify di-OPEs from water matrices is summarized, while the advantages and limitations of SPE methodologies are critically evaluated. Furthermore, the use and distinctive features of reverse-phase chromatography, ion-pair reverse-phase chromatography, and hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) for the chromatographic separation of di-OPEs are comprehensively summarized and compared. At the same time, advances in the quantitative analysis of di-OPEs using liquid chromatography-tandem triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) are reviewed. Finally, in terms of efficient collection of water samples and high-throughput pretreatment of di-OPEs in water matrices, the prospect of developing novel sampling and on-site enrichment technologies for new pollutants in water matrices based on the principle of dispersed solid phase extraction is proposed. Additionally, the prospect of using liquid chromatography tandem high-resolution mass spectrometry for high-throughput screening and high-sensitivity detection of di-OPEs and unknown transformation products of tri-OPEs has been proposed.

Key words: organophosphate diester, sample pre-treatment, solid phase extraction (SPE), chromatographic separation, mass spectrometry detection

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