Chinese Journal of Chromatography ›› 2025, Vol. 43 ›› Issue (9): 987-995.DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1123.2025.02007
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CHEN Jie1, LIU Mingliang2, WU Lu3, XU Feng4, LYU Jing3, CHEN Linhai4, LI Wei4, FU Jie4,5,*(
), FU Jianjie4
Received:2025-02-21
Online:2025-09-08
Published:2025-09-04
Supported by:CLC Number:
CHEN Jie, LIU Mingliang, WU Lu, XU Feng, LYU Jing, CHEN Linhai, LI Wei, FU Jie, FU Jianjie. Advances in the development of analysis techniques for organophosphate diesters in water[J]. Chinese Journal of Chromatography, 2025, 43(9): 987-995.
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URL: https://www.chrom-china.com/EN/10.3724/SP.J.1123.2025.02007
| Compound | Abbreviation | Mr | H/(Pa∙m3/mol) | S/(mg/L) | log Kow | log Koc | BCF/(L/kg) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dimethylphosphate | DMP | 126.1 | 7.9×10-5 | 3.5×105 | ‒0.7 | 0.7 | 3.2 |
| Diethyl phosphate | DEP | 154.1 | 1.4×10-4 | 3.8×104 | 0.3 | 1.2 | 3.2 |
| Dipropyl phosphate | DPrP | 182.2 | 2.5×10-4 | 4.1×103 | 1.3 | 1.8 | 0.5 |
| Diisobutyl phosphate | DiBP | 210.2 | 4.3×10-4 | 574.3 | 2.1 | 2.2 | 1.8 |
| Dibutyl phosphate | DnBP | 210.2 | 4.3×10-4 | 430.1 | 2.3 | 2.3 | 2.3 |
| Bis(2-chloroethyl) hydrogen phosphate | BCEP | 223.0 | 1.7×10-5 | 6.5×103 | 0.8 | 1.5 | 3.2 |
| Diphenyl phosphate | DPHP | 250.2 | 1.1×10-5 | 82.4 | 2.9 | 2.3 | 5.5 |
| Bis-(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate | BCIPP | 251.1 | 3.0×10-5 | 878.8 | 1.7 | 2.0 | 0.9 |
| Dibenzyl phosphate | DBzP | 278.3 | 5.1×10-7 | 72.4 | 2.8 | 2.2 | 4.6 |
| Di-o-tolyl phosphate | DoCP | 278.3 | 1.3×10-5 | 6.7 | 4.0 | 2.9 | 29.0 |
| Di-m-tolyl phosphate | DmCP | 278.3 | 1.3×10-5 | 6.7 | 4.0 | 2.9 | 29.0 |
| Di-p-tolyl phosphate | DpCP | 278.3 | 1.3×10-5 | 6.7 | 4.0 | 2.9 | 29.0 |
| Phosphoric acid, (1-methylethyl)phenyl phenyl ester | ip-PPP | 292.3 | 2.1×10-5 | 2.7 | 4.3 | 3.1 | 50.2 |
| Bis(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate | BBOEP | 298.3 | 1.0×10-7 | 410.1 | 1.7 | 1.8 | 1.0 |
| Bis(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate | BDCIPP | 319.9 | 3.7×10-6 | 130 | 2.2 | 2.2 | 1.9 |
| Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate | BEHP | 322.4 | 4.1×10-3 | 5.9×10-2 | 6.1 | 4.4 | 29.7 |
| Bis(2,4-di-tert-butylphenylphosphate | B2,4DtBPP | 474.6 | 4.7×10-4 | 1.1×10-6 | 10.5 | 6.5 | 37.7 |
Table 1 Physical and chemical properties of common organophosphate diesters (di-OPEs)
| Compound | Abbreviation | Mr | H/(Pa∙m3/mol) | S/(mg/L) | log Kow | log Koc | BCF/(L/kg) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dimethylphosphate | DMP | 126.1 | 7.9×10-5 | 3.5×105 | ‒0.7 | 0.7 | 3.2 |
| Diethyl phosphate | DEP | 154.1 | 1.4×10-4 | 3.8×104 | 0.3 | 1.2 | 3.2 |
| Dipropyl phosphate | DPrP | 182.2 | 2.5×10-4 | 4.1×103 | 1.3 | 1.8 | 0.5 |
| Diisobutyl phosphate | DiBP | 210.2 | 4.3×10-4 | 574.3 | 2.1 | 2.2 | 1.8 |
| Dibutyl phosphate | DnBP | 210.2 | 4.3×10-4 | 430.1 | 2.3 | 2.3 | 2.3 |
| Bis(2-chloroethyl) hydrogen phosphate | BCEP | 223.0 | 1.7×10-5 | 6.5×103 | 0.8 | 1.5 | 3.2 |
| Diphenyl phosphate | DPHP | 250.2 | 1.1×10-5 | 82.4 | 2.9 | 2.3 | 5.5 |
| Bis-(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate | BCIPP | 251.1 | 3.0×10-5 | 878.8 | 1.7 | 2.0 | 0.9 |
| Dibenzyl phosphate | DBzP | 278.3 | 5.1×10-7 | 72.4 | 2.8 | 2.2 | 4.6 |
| Di-o-tolyl phosphate | DoCP | 278.3 | 1.3×10-5 | 6.7 | 4.0 | 2.9 | 29.0 |
| Di-m-tolyl phosphate | DmCP | 278.3 | 1.3×10-5 | 6.7 | 4.0 | 2.9 | 29.0 |
| Di-p-tolyl phosphate | DpCP | 278.3 | 1.3×10-5 | 6.7 | 4.0 | 2.9 | 29.0 |
| Phosphoric acid, (1-methylethyl)phenyl phenyl ester | ip-PPP | 292.3 | 2.1×10-5 | 2.7 | 4.3 | 3.1 | 50.2 |
| Bis(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate | BBOEP | 298.3 | 1.0×10-7 | 410.1 | 1.7 | 1.8 | 1.0 |
| Bis(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate | BDCIPP | 319.9 | 3.7×10-6 | 130 | 2.2 | 2.2 | 1.9 |
| Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate | BEHP | 322.4 | 4.1×10-3 | 5.9×10-2 | 6.1 | 4.4 | 29.7 |
| Bis(2,4-di-tert-butylphenylphosphate | B2,4DtBPP | 474.6 | 4.7×10-4 | 1.1×10-6 | 10.5 | 6.5 | 37.7 |
Fig. 1 Relationships between theoretical predictions of physical and chemical properties of di-OPEs and Mra. correlation between solubility and Mr; b. correlation between log Kow and Mr; c. correlation between log Koc and Mr.The shaded area represents the confidence interval, the solid circles represent di-OPEs, the hollow circles represent di-OPEs containing ether bonds, the shaded circles represent di-OPEs containing halogen atoms.
| Matrices | Target compounds | Extraction/purification | Chromatographic column | Detection method | MDL/ (ng/L) | Recovery/% | Ref. | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SPE column | Eluent | |||||||
| Drinking water(bottled, barreled, and tap water), lake and river water | DnBP, BBOEP, BEHP, BCEP, BCIPP, BDCIPP, DPhP | Oasis WAX | 10 mL MeOH containing 5% NH4OH | XSelect® HSS T3 | LC-MS/MS(ESI-) | 0.50-1.00 | 62.0-73.0 | [ |
| Surface water (lake) | DEP, DnBP, BCIPP, BDCIPP, DPhP | Oasis HLB | 4 mL MeOH×2 | Eclipse Plus C18 | LC-MS/MS(ESI-) | 0.04-0.20 | 68.0-84.0; (DEP: 25.0-28.0) | [ |
| Wastewater, river water, tap water | DnBP, BDCIPP, DPhP | Oasis HLB | 4 mL acetonitrile×2 | Waters BEH C18 | LC-MS/MS(ESI-) | 0.01-0.14 | 61.0-69.0; (DnBP: 21.0-30.0) | [ |
| Surface water, tap water | DnBP, BDCIPP, DPhP | Oasis HLB | 10 mL MeOH/water (1∶99, v/v)+10 mL MeOH | Pursuit XRs 3 Diphenyl | LC-MS/MS(ESI-) | 0.60-1.30 | 60.0-135 | [ |
| Ultrapure water, river water and urban wastewater | DnBP, BEHP, DPhP | Oasis MAX | 3 mL MeOH containing 20 mmol/L TBAHS | Phenomenex Luna C18 | LC-MS/MS(ESI-) | 0.30-1.00 | 78.0-105 | [ |
| Wastewater | BDCIPP, DPhP | Oasis HLB | 3 mL MeOH×3 | Betasil C18 | LC-MS/MS(ESI-) | 1.00 | 110; 92.3 | [ |
| Municipal wastewater | DnBP, DiBP, DBzP, BBOEP, BEHP, BCEP, BCIPP, DPhP | LichrolutRP18 with ion pair extraction | 2 mL MeOH×2 | Luna Phenyl-Hexyl | LC-MS/MS(ESI-) | 7.00-14.0 | 71.0-112 | [ |
| Stormwater and sewage effluent water | DnBP, BBOEP, BEHP, DPhP | Oasis HLB | 12 mL MeOH | Agilent Eclipse Plus C18 | LC-MS/MS(ESI-) | 0.05 | 60.0-137 | [ |
Drinking water (bottled and tap water) | DnBP, BBOEP, BEHP, BCIPP, BDCIPP, DPhP, DoCP | Oasis HLB | 5 mL MeOH | ACQUITY UPLC BEH C18 | LC-MS/MS(ESI-) | 0.01-0.08 | 74.7-107 | [ |
| Wastewater and river water | BCEP, DnBP, DPhP | Oasis HLB | 3 mL MeOH×3 | Hypersil GOLD™ C18 | LC-Q-Orbitrap MS | 0.05-12.0 | NA | [ |
| Purified water and tap water | BCIPP, BDCIPP, DEP, BBOEP, DnBP, BEHP, DPhP, DoCP | Oasis HLB | 5 mL MeOH×2 | Thermo Acclaim Mixed-Mode HILIC-1 | LC-MS/MS(ESI-) | 0.60-28.5 | 80.8-116 | [ |
| River water | DnBP, BCEP, DPhP, 4OH-DPhP, DoCP, BBOEP, BDCIPP, BEHP, BDtBPP | Oasis HLB+Sepra ZT-WCX+Sepra ZT-WAX+Isolute ENVI+ | 6 mL MeOH/EA (50∶50, v/v) containing 0.5% ammonia+3 mL MeOH/EA (50∶50, v/v) containing 1.7% FA+ 2 mL MeOH | Waters BEH C18 | LC-Q-Orbitrap MS | 0.04-0.30 | 73.6-111 | [ |
Table 2 Pre-treatment and detection analysis techniques for di-OPEs in water
| Matrices | Target compounds | Extraction/purification | Chromatographic column | Detection method | MDL/ (ng/L) | Recovery/% | Ref. | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SPE column | Eluent | |||||||
| Drinking water(bottled, barreled, and tap water), lake and river water | DnBP, BBOEP, BEHP, BCEP, BCIPP, BDCIPP, DPhP | Oasis WAX | 10 mL MeOH containing 5% NH4OH | XSelect® HSS T3 | LC-MS/MS(ESI-) | 0.50-1.00 | 62.0-73.0 | [ |
| Surface water (lake) | DEP, DnBP, BCIPP, BDCIPP, DPhP | Oasis HLB | 4 mL MeOH×2 | Eclipse Plus C18 | LC-MS/MS(ESI-) | 0.04-0.20 | 68.0-84.0; (DEP: 25.0-28.0) | [ |
| Wastewater, river water, tap water | DnBP, BDCIPP, DPhP | Oasis HLB | 4 mL acetonitrile×2 | Waters BEH C18 | LC-MS/MS(ESI-) | 0.01-0.14 | 61.0-69.0; (DnBP: 21.0-30.0) | [ |
| Surface water, tap water | DnBP, BDCIPP, DPhP | Oasis HLB | 10 mL MeOH/water (1∶99, v/v)+10 mL MeOH | Pursuit XRs 3 Diphenyl | LC-MS/MS(ESI-) | 0.60-1.30 | 60.0-135 | [ |
| Ultrapure water, river water and urban wastewater | DnBP, BEHP, DPhP | Oasis MAX | 3 mL MeOH containing 20 mmol/L TBAHS | Phenomenex Luna C18 | LC-MS/MS(ESI-) | 0.30-1.00 | 78.0-105 | [ |
| Wastewater | BDCIPP, DPhP | Oasis HLB | 3 mL MeOH×3 | Betasil C18 | LC-MS/MS(ESI-) | 1.00 | 110; 92.3 | [ |
| Municipal wastewater | DnBP, DiBP, DBzP, BBOEP, BEHP, BCEP, BCIPP, DPhP | LichrolutRP18 with ion pair extraction | 2 mL MeOH×2 | Luna Phenyl-Hexyl | LC-MS/MS(ESI-) | 7.00-14.0 | 71.0-112 | [ |
| Stormwater and sewage effluent water | DnBP, BBOEP, BEHP, DPhP | Oasis HLB | 12 mL MeOH | Agilent Eclipse Plus C18 | LC-MS/MS(ESI-) | 0.05 | 60.0-137 | [ |
Drinking water (bottled and tap water) | DnBP, BBOEP, BEHP, BCIPP, BDCIPP, DPhP, DoCP | Oasis HLB | 5 mL MeOH | ACQUITY UPLC BEH C18 | LC-MS/MS(ESI-) | 0.01-0.08 | 74.7-107 | [ |
| Wastewater and river water | BCEP, DnBP, DPhP | Oasis HLB | 3 mL MeOH×3 | Hypersil GOLD™ C18 | LC-Q-Orbitrap MS | 0.05-12.0 | NA | [ |
| Purified water and tap water | BCIPP, BDCIPP, DEP, BBOEP, DnBP, BEHP, DPhP, DoCP | Oasis HLB | 5 mL MeOH×2 | Thermo Acclaim Mixed-Mode HILIC-1 | LC-MS/MS(ESI-) | 0.60-28.5 | 80.8-116 | [ |
| River water | DnBP, BCEP, DPhP, 4OH-DPhP, DoCP, BBOEP, BDCIPP, BEHP, BDtBPP | Oasis HLB+Sepra ZT-WCX+Sepra ZT-WAX+Isolute ENVI+ | 6 mL MeOH/EA (50∶50, v/v) containing 0.5% ammonia+3 mL MeOH/EA (50∶50, v/v) containing 1.7% FA+ 2 mL MeOH | Waters BEH C18 | LC-Q-Orbitrap MS | 0.04-0.30 | 73.6-111 | [ |
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