Fig. 1 (a) Channel structure of single analysis unit on the centrifugal chip, (b) layout of analysis unit in the centrifugal chip, and (c) photograph of the centrifugal chip[26] R1: reservoir for loading enzyme solution; R2: reservoir for loading inhibitor solution; R3: reservoir for loading substrate solution; C1: channel for mixing of enzyme and inhibitor solutions; C2: channel for introducing substrate solution; C3: channel for mixing of enzyme, inhibitor, and substrate solutions; V1 and V2: capillary burst valve 1 and 2.

Fig. 2 Schematic of centrifugal chip for plasma extraction and optical detection[27]

Fig. 3 Structure of centrifugal chip for liver function screening and its fluidic operation process[28]

Fig. 4 Centrifugal chip for the creatinine analysis in whole blood[29]

Fig. 5 Process of electro-wetting-on-dielectric (EWOD) droplet merging and splitting[33] a. droplet formation by energizing the left electrode; b. droplet deformation by energizing the left and middle electrodes; c and d. droplets splitting by switching the voltage from the middle electrode to the right one; e and f. droplets reassembling by switching the voltage from the right electrode back to the middle one.

Fig. 6 Schematic of EWODchip with optical absorbance detection[35]

Fig. 7 Digital microfluidic multiwell plate cartridge and control instrument[36]

Fig. 8 Schematic of digital microfluidic chip for estrogen extraction[37]

Fig. 9 Schematic of EWOD device for human plasma protein separation[38]

Fig. 10 Schematic diagram of a pneumatic micropump[39]

Fig. 11 Schematic drawing of a micropump attached to a channel[42] a. side view of the device; b. top view of the device; c. photograph of an assembled micropump and microchannel. EL: electrodes; EC: electrolyte chamber; F: fluid to be pumped; C: channel; SC: snugly fitting cap on the electrolyte chamber; P: pump; CH: channel substrate; CT: connection tube.

Fig. 12 Schematic diagram of a microfluidic chip based on pressure driven[44]

Fig. 13 Automatic biochemical analysis system based on sequential operation droplet array (SODA) system[46]

Fig. 14 Paper-based chip for multi-target detection[58]

Fig. 15 Schematic diagram of electrochemical sensing paper-based chip[59] ITO: indium tin oxide; PB: prussian blue; PW: prussian white; GOx: glucose oxidase; HRP: horseradish peroxidase.

Fig. 16 Alere-Afinion biochemical analyzer and test kits[60]

Fig. 17 Piccolo biochemical analyzer and centrifugal chips a. blood entering the plasma metering chamber; b. the mixing of the plasma and the diluent; c. the distribution of diluted plasma to the cuvettes containing reagents; d. the optical detection of the cuvettes.

Fig. 18 Leadman Innovastar biochemical analyzer for point-of-care testing