Influence of chromatographic column selection on the determination of 23 preservatives

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1123.2021.05006

Abstract

Abstract:

The influence of column selection on the determination results of 23 preservatives in cosmetics was studied by considering the corresponding detection methods for these preservatives. The test method for 23 preservatives specified in Safety and Technical Standards for Cosmetics was considered as the reference method. Twenty three preservatives were analyzed using 15 different brands and models of C₁₈ chromatographic columns on two different high performance liquid chromatographs. The plate count and resolution of the chromatographic peaks were calculated to analyze the separation effect of the 23 components. The separation efficiency and equivalence of different chromatographic columns were evaluated and predicted using the database established by the United States Pharmacopeia (USP) and Product Quality Research Institute (PQRI). The experimental results showed that the separation effects of the 15 chromatographic columns on the 23 preservatives differed significantly. Further, only two chromatographic columns were able to completely separate the 23 components without changing the standard procedure for mobile phase elution and other conditions. The other 13 columns poorly separated some components. The retention times of phenyl 4-hydroxybenzoate, isobutyl 4-hydroxybenzoate, butyl 4-hydroxybenzoate, and benzyl 4-hydroxybenzoate were similar. The separation of these substances was among the key outcomes of the chromatographic separation. The differences in the selectivity of the 4-hydroxybenzoates were distinct among the different chromatographic columns. The plate counts of the 4-hydroxybenzoates were similar when using the same chromatographic column on two high performance liquid chromatographs. However, the plate counts of 4-hydroxybenzoates using different chromatographic columns were considerably different. Control of the plate counts alone was not sufficient to achieve good separation efficiency of the 4-hydroxybenzoates. Moreover, the peak sequences of some compounds such as 4-hydroxybenzoic acid and methylisothiazolinone with different chromatographic columns were reversed. Some substances could be absorbed at multiple wavelengths. If separation from adjacent chromatographic peaks is not achieved at the baseline, large errors will occur when detecting the low-concentration components to be tested. The ZORBAX SB-C₁₈ column was used as a reference column, and the similarity values provided by the USP and the PQRI databases were consulted. The actual separation efficiency of the typical column used in the experiment was compared with the predicted results of selectivity difference from the database. The results showed that the USP and the PQRI database could not predict a suitable equivalent column. There was no regularity in the experimental results; further, the USP and the PQRI datebase provided scarce reference values for the analysis of the 23 preservatives by liquid chromatography. The outcomes obtained using liquid chromatography methods are easily affected by factors such as the instrument model, mobile phase composition and pH, chromatographic column, column temperature, and flow rate. The chromatographic column is a key factor affecting the accuracy of determination by HPLC. The selectivity difference of the chromatographic column should be taken into account when the technique is performed in relevant laboratories. The standard technique will be employed by different laboratories at different times and under different test conditions, and many abnormalities or deviations may occur. The sequence of peaks should be confirmed using a single compound standard during the first standard method validation or during the replacement of columns. Based on existing research results, future research should focus on the development of a screening and prediction evaluation system for chromatographic columns, and thereby guide the separation of actual samples in complex cosmetic bases. Relevant laboratories should focus on the durability of chromatographic columns, and improve the system adaptability index when developing a detection method. They also should refine the column classification and enhance descriptive information, and thus, guide the rational selection of the column so as to mitigate the risk posed by inaccurate determination results due to improper selection of the chromatographic column.

Key words: high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), chromatographic column selection, key factors, preservatives, cosmetics

CLC Number:

O658

LI Li, LI Shuo, WANG Haiyan, SUN Lei. Influence of chromatographic column selection on the determination of 23 preservatives[J]. Chinese Journal of Chromatography, 2022, 40(2): 190-197.

Figures/Tables 7

References

[1]	Ye Z H. Toothpaste Industry, 2018, 28(6):27
[1]	叶竹洪. 口腔护理用品工业, 2018, 28(6):27
[2]	Weng S Y, Zheng Y, Xue F, et al. Flavour Fragrance Cosmetics, 2020(6):70
[2]	翁史昱, 郑翌, 薛峰, 等. 香料香精化妆品, 2020(6):70
[3]	Gao J M, Li L, Zhao X Y, et al. Chinese Journal of Health Laboratory Technology, 2017, 27(11):1627
[3]	高家敏, 李莉, 赵晓宇, 等. 中国卫生检验杂志, 2017, 27(11):1627
[4]	Jiang Y Q, Wang X B, Yu H Y, et al. Flavour Fragrance Cosmetics, 2017(4):43
[4]	蒋亚奇, 王小兵, 于海英, 等. 香料香精化妆品, 2017(4):43
[5]	Pan C, Wang M B, Wu S L, et al. Journal of Instrumental Analysis, 2019, 38(7):830
[5]	潘晨, 王枚博, 吴思霖, 等. 分析测试学报, 2019, 38(7):830
[6]	Shi J W, Yang J Q, Li Q Q, Flavour Fragrance Cosmetics, 2019(2):48
[6]	施敬文, 杨晋青, 李清清. 香料香精化妆品, 2019(2):48
[7]	Liao H M, Li S F, Xiong X T, et al. Chemical Enterprise Management, 2018(4):87
[7]	廖惠媚, 李少飞, 熊小婷, 等. 化工管理, 2018(4):87
[8]	Shang G J, Yin W L, Cai Z H, et al. Drug Evaluation Research, 2015, 38(3):341
[8]	商国举, 尹文龙, 蔡振华, 等. 药物评价研究, 2015, 38(3):341
[9]	Wang M J, Liu Y D, Hu X R, et al. Chinese Journal of Chromatography, 2016, 34(11):1077
[9]	王明娟, 刘雅丹, 胡晓茹, 等. 色谱, 2016, 34(11):1077
[10]	Zhang X, Hu C Q. Chinese Journal of Pharmaceutical Analysis, 2017, 37(6):942
[10]	张夏, 胡昌勤. 药物分析杂志, 2017, 37(6):942
[11]	Hu Q X, Hu C Q. Chinese Journal of Pharmaceutical Analysis, 2013, 33(3):343
[11]	胡秋馨, 胡昌勤. 药物分析杂志, 2013, 33(3):343
[12]	Ye L P, Sun L, Wang M J, et al. Chinese Journal of Pharmaceutical Analysis, 2015, 35(6):945
[12]	叶六平, 孙磊, 王明娟, 等. 药物分析杂志, 2015, 35(6):945
[13]	Hong X X, Shi Y, Song X J, et al. Chinese Journal of Pharmaceutical Analysis, 2017, 37(2):191
[13]	洪小栩, 石莹, 宋雪洁, 等. 药物分析杂志, 2017, 37(2):191
[14]	Li F, Li Y, Xu Z Y. Chinese Journal of New Drugs, 2019, 28(6):666
[14]	李飞, 李云, 许真玉. 中国新药杂志, 2019, 28(6):666
[15]	Yang J A, Cao T H. Chinese Pharmaceutical Affairs, 2013, 27(12):1305
[15]	杨家爱, 曹天海. 中国药事, 2013, 27(12):1305
[16]	Chinese Pharmacopoeia Commission. Pharmacopoeia of the People’s Republic of China, Part 4. Beijing: China Medical Science Press, 2020: 5
[16]	国家药典委员会. 中华人民共和国药典, 四部. 北京: 中国医药科技出版社, 2020: 5
[17]	GB 23200.13-2016
[18]	GB 23200.14-2016
[19]	Zhang Q S, Wang G L. Reader of Safety Technical Standards for Cosmetics. Beijing: People’s Medical Publishing House, 2017: 351
[19]	张庆生, 王钢力. 《化妆品安全技术规范》读本. 北京: 人民卫生出版社, 2017: 351
[20]	National Institutes for Food and Drug Control. Detection Method of Preservatives in Cosmetics (Draft for Comments). (2019-06-03) [2021-05-18]. https://www.nifdc.org.cn/directory/web/nifdc/images/2019060313512033494.pdf
[20]	中国食品药品检定研究院. 化妆品中防腐剂的检测方法(征求意见稿). (2019-06-03) [2021-05-18]. https://www.nifdc.org.cn/directory/web/nifdc/images/2019060313512033494.pdf

No.	Brand	Model	Specification	pH range		Category	Status
1	Osaka Soda	Capcell Pak MG Ⅲ C₁₈	250 mm×4.6 mm, 5 μm	2-	10	B	used
2	Osaka Soda	Capcell Pak MG Ⅱ C₁₈	250 mm×4.6 mm, 5 μm	2-	10	B	used
3	Osaka Soda	Capcell Pak MG C₁₈	250 mm×4.6 mm, 5 μm	2-	10	B	used
4	Agilent	ZORBAX SB-C₁₈	250 mm×4.6 mm, 5 μm	1-	8	B	brand new
5	Agilent	ZORBAX Extend-C₁₈	250 mm×4.6 mm, 5 μm	2-	11.5	B	used
6	Waters	Xbridge C₁₈	250 mm×4.6 mm, 5 μm	1-	12	B	used
7	Waters	Xselect T₃	250 mm×4.6 mm, 5 μm	2-	8	B	brand new
8	Waters	Xbridge Shield RP C₁₈	250 mm×4.6 mm, 5 μm	2-	11	E	brand new
9	Akzo Nobel	Kromasil 100-5C₁₈	250 mm×4.6 mm, 5 μm	1.5-	10	B	used
10	Thermo	BDS HYPERSIL C₁₈	250 mm×4.6 mm, 5 μm	2-	8	A	used
11	Phenomenex	LUNA C₁₈(2)	250 mm×4.6 mm, 5 μm	1.5-	10	B	brand new
12	Gl Sciences	InertSustain AQ-C₁₈	250 mm×4.6 mm, 5 μm	1-	10	B	brand new
13	Acchrom	Unitary C₁₈	250 mm×4.6 mm, 5 μm	2-	8	B	brand new
14	Dikma	DIAMONSIL C₁₈	250 mm×4.6 mm, 5 μm	2-	9	B	used
15	Agela	INNOVAL C₁₈	250 mm×4.6 mm, 5 μm	1.5-	9	B	brand new

No.	Brand	Model	Specification	pH range		Category	Status
1	Osaka Soda	Capcell Pak MG Ⅲ C₁₈	250 mm×4.6 mm, 5 μm	2-	10	B	used
2	Osaka Soda	Capcell Pak MG Ⅱ C₁₈	250 mm×4.6 mm, 5 μm	2-	10	B	used
3	Osaka Soda	Capcell Pak MG C₁₈	250 mm×4.6 mm, 5 μm	2-	10	B	used
4	Agilent	ZORBAX SB-C₁₈	250 mm×4.6 mm, 5 μm	1-	8	B	brand new
5	Agilent	ZORBAX Extend-C₁₈	250 mm×4.6 mm, 5 μm	2-	11.5	B	used
6	Waters	Xbridge C₁₈	250 mm×4.6 mm, 5 μm	1-	12	B	used
7	Waters	Xselect T₃	250 mm×4.6 mm, 5 μm	2-	8	B	brand new
8	Waters	Xbridge Shield RP C₁₈	250 mm×4.6 mm, 5 μm	2-	11	E	brand new
9	Akzo Nobel	Kromasil 100-5C₁₈	250 mm×4.6 mm, 5 μm	1.5-	10	B	used
10	Thermo	BDS HYPERSIL C₁₈	250 mm×4.6 mm, 5 μm	2-	8	A	used
11	Phenomenex	LUNA C₁₈(2)	250 mm×4.6 mm, 5 μm	1.5-	10	B	brand new
12	Gl Sciences	InertSustain AQ-C₁₈	250 mm×4.6 mm, 5 μm	1-	10	B	brand new
13	Acchrom	Unitary C₁₈	250 mm×4.6 mm, 5 μm	2-	8	B	brand new
14	Dikma	DIAMONSIL C₁₈	250 mm×4.6 mm, 5 μm	2-	9	B	used
15	Agela	INNOVAL C₁₈	250 mm×4.6 mm, 5 μm	1.5-	9	B	brand new

No.	Compound	Chinese name	Purity/%	λ/nm
1	methylisothiazolinone	甲基异噻唑啉酮	98.6	280
2	bronopol	2-溴-2-硝基丙烷-1,3-二醇	99.4	230
3	4-hydroxybenzoic acid	4-羟基苯甲酸	99.9	254
4	methylchloroisothiazolinone	甲基氯异噻唑啉酮	99.3	280
5	benzylalcohol	苯甲醇	99.8	254
6	2-phenoxyethanol	苯氧乙醇	99.8	280
7	benzoic acid	苯甲酸	99.9	230
8	methyl 4-hydroxybenzoate	4-羟基苯甲酸甲酯	99.7	254
9	chlorphenesin	氯苯甘醚	99.3	230
10	dehydroacetic acid	脱氢乙酸	99.9	280
11	5-bromo-5-nitro-1,3-dioxane	5-溴-5-硝基-1,3-二噁烷	99.7	230
12	ethyl 4-hydroxybenzoate	4-羟基苯甲酸乙酯	99.0	254
13	4-hydroxybenzoic acid isopropyl ester	4-羟基苯甲酸异丙酯	99.0	254
14	propyl 4-hydroxybenzoate	4-羟基苯甲酸丙酯	98.7	254
15	phenyl 4-hydroxybenzoate	4-羟基苯甲酸苯酯	99.0	254
16	4-hydroxybenzoic acid isobutyl ester	4-羟基苯甲酸异丁酯	99.6	254
17	n-butyl 4-hydroxybenzoate	4-羟基苯甲酸丁酯	99.9	254
18	benzyl 4-hydroxybenzoate	4-羟基苯甲酸苄酯	99.5	254
19	ethyl benzoate	苯甲酸乙酯	99.8	230
20	amyl 4-hydroxybenzoate	4-羟基苯甲酸戊酯	99.8	254
21	isopropyl benzoate	苯甲酸异丙酯	99.8	230
22	propyl benzoate	苯甲酸丙酯	99.5	230
23	phenyl benzoate	苯甲酸苯基酯	99.9	230

No.	Compound	Chinese name	Purity/%	λ/nm
1	methylisothiazolinone	甲基异噻唑啉酮	98.6	280
2	bronopol	2-溴-2-硝基丙烷-1,3-二醇	99.4	230
3	4-hydroxybenzoic acid	4-羟基苯甲酸	99.9	254
4	methylchloroisothiazolinone	甲基氯异噻唑啉酮	99.3	280
5	benzylalcohol	苯甲醇	99.8	254
6	2-phenoxyethanol	苯氧乙醇	99.8	280
7	benzoic acid	苯甲酸	99.9	230
8	methyl 4-hydroxybenzoate	4-羟基苯甲酸甲酯	99.7	254
9	chlorphenesin	氯苯甘醚	99.3	230
10	dehydroacetic acid	脱氢乙酸	99.9	280
11	5-bromo-5-nitro-1,3-dioxane	5-溴-5-硝基-1,3-二噁烷	99.7	230
12	ethyl 4-hydroxybenzoate	4-羟基苯甲酸乙酯	99.0	254
13	4-hydroxybenzoic acid isopropyl ester	4-羟基苯甲酸异丙酯	99.0	254
14	propyl 4-hydroxybenzoate	4-羟基苯甲酸丙酯	98.7	254
15	phenyl 4-hydroxybenzoate	4-羟基苯甲酸苯酯	99.0	254
16	4-hydroxybenzoic acid isobutyl ester	4-羟基苯甲酸异丁酯	99.6	254
17	n-butyl 4-hydroxybenzoate	4-羟基苯甲酸丁酯	99.9	254
18	benzyl 4-hydroxybenzoate	4-羟基苯甲酸苄酯	99.5	254
19	ethyl benzoate	苯甲酸乙酯	99.8	230
20	amyl 4-hydroxybenzoate	4-羟基苯甲酸戊酯	99.8	254
21	isopropyl benzoate	苯甲酸异丙酯	99.8	230
22	propyl benzoate	苯甲酸丙酯	99.5	230
23	phenyl benzoate	苯甲酸苯基酯	99.9	230

No.	Column	Agilent 1260 HPLC			Waters e2695 HPLC
No.	Column	n	R₁	R₂	n	R₁	R₂
1	Capcell Pak MG Ⅲ C₁₈	74930	1.7	1.7	65464	1.7	2.0
2	Capcell Pak MG Ⅱ C₁₈	68190	1.4	1.4	81147	1.4	1.3
3	Capcell Pak MG C₁₈	97912	1.6	1.7	138635	1.6	1.7
4	ZORBAX SB-C₁₈	243033	1.5	1.6	273043	1.6	1.6
5	ZORBAX Extend-C₁₈	296705	1.6	1.0	331689	1.6	1.0
6	Xbridge C₁₈	212670	1.3	0.7	146192	0.7	0.5
7	Xselect T₃	89553	1.3	1.7	108543	1.3	1.7
8	Xbridge Shield RP C₁₈	173712	1.7	2.4	206534	1.8	2.4
9	Kromasil 100-5C₁₈	80564	1.7	0.8	74783	1.7	1.3
10	BDS HYPERSIL C₁₈	303155	1.5	0.8	276142	1.4	0.8
11	LUNA C₁₈(2)	77920	1.5	1.0	95581	1.5	1.0
12	InertSustain AQ-C₁₈	31145	1.6	3.5	40402	1.6	2.8
13	Unitary C₁₈	57033	1.6	1.6	60985	1.5	1.5
14	DIAMONSIL C₁₈	39073	1.3	1.1	21805	1.2	1.9
15	INNOVAL C₁₈	353918	1.6	1.1	400896	1.7	1.1