Chinese Journal of Chromatography ›› 2025, Vol. 43 ›› Issue (6): 559-570.DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1123.2024.11022
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YANG Yanwei1, ZHANG Xu1,2, LIN Xiao1,2, SUN Qi1,2, FU Hui1, LU Yifu1,2, QIU Tian1,2, ZHANG Zhuona1,2, XIE Linna1,2, ZHANG Haijing1,2, ZHANG Miao1, HU Xiaojian1, QU Yingli1,2, ZHAO Feng1,2, LYU Yuebin1,2, ZHU Ying1,2,*(), SHI Xiaoming2,3,*(
)
Received:
2024-11-22
Online:
2025-06-08
Published:
2025-05-21
Supported by:
CLC Number:
YANG Yanwei, ZHANG Xu, LIN Xiao, SUN Qi, FU Hui, LU Yifu, QIU Tian, ZHANG Zhuona, XIE Linna, ZHANG Haijing, ZHANG Miao, HU Xiaojian, QU Yingli, ZHAO Feng, LYU Yuebin, ZHU Ying, SHI Xiaoming. Quality control strategy for targeted quantitative analysis of chemical pollutants in China National Human Biomonitoring Program[J]. Chinese Journal of Chromatography, 2025, 43(6): 559-570.
Chemicals | Analytes | Analytical methods |
---|---|---|
Metals and metalloids[ | 20 substances in human blood and urine, including arsenic (As), barium (Ba), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), cobalt (Co), copper (Cu), lead (Pb), mercury (Hg), manganese (Mn), molybdenum (Mo), nickle (Ni), selenium (Se), stannum (Sn), stibium (Sb), strontium (Sr), silver (Ag), thallium (Tl), titanium (Ti), vanadium (V), zinc (Zn) | ICP-MS |
Ionic compounds | four substances in human urine, including calcium (Ca), fluoride (F), magnesium (Mg), phosphate (P) | IC |
Arsenic species | six substances in human urine, including arsenous acid (As-Ⅲ), arsenic acid (As-V), arsenobetaine (AsB), arsenocholine (AsC), dimethylarsinic acid (DMA), monomethylarsonic acid (MMA) | HPLC-ICP-MS |
Phthalate (PAE) metabolites[ | 15 substances in human urine, including mono-methyl phthalate (MMP), mono-ethyl phthalate (MEP), mono-isobutyl phthalate (MiBP), mono-n-butyl phthalate (MnBP), mono-benzyl phthalate (MBzP), mono-ethlyhexyl phthalate (MEHP), mono-cyclohexyl phthalate (MCHP), mono-ethyl oxohexyl phthalate (MEOHP), mono-ethyl hydroxyhexyl phthalate (MEHHP), mono-octyl phthalate (MOP), mono-isodecyl phthalate (MDP), mono-isononyl phthalate (MNP), mono-(2-ethyl-5-carboxypentyl) phthalate (MECPP), mono-(carboxyoctyl) phthalate (MCOP), mono-(2-carboxymethylhexyl) phthalate (MCMHP) | UPLC-MS/MS |
Bisphenol compounds[ | nine substances in human urine, including bisphenol A (BPA), bisphenol B (BPB), bisphenol C (BPC), bisphenol F (BPF), bisphenol S (BPS), bisphenol AF (BPAF), bisphenol AP (BPAP), tetrachlorobisphenol A (TCBPA), tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) | UPLC-MS/MS |
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) metabolites[ | 12 substances in human urine, including 1-naphthol (1-NAP), 2-naphthol (2-NAP), 2-hydroxyfluorene (2-FLU), 3-hydroxyfluorene (3-FLU), 9-hydroxyfluorene (9-FLU), 1-hydroxyphenanthrene (1-PHE), 2-hydroxyphenanthrene (2-PHE), 3-hydroxyphenanthrene (3-PHE), 4-hydroxyphenanthrene (4-PHE), 1-hydroxypyrene (1-PYR), 3-hydroxychrysene (3-CHR), 6-hydroxychrysene (6-CHR) | UPLC-MS/MS, HRGC-MS |
Volatile organic compound metabolites[ | 15 substances in human urine, including N-acetyl-S-(2-hydroxypropyl)-L-cysteine (2HPMA), 2-methylhippuric acid (2MHA), N-acetyl-S-(3-hydroxypropyl)-L-cysteine (3HPMA), 3-methylhippuric acid+4-methylhippuric acid (3MHA+4MHA), N-acetyl-S-(2-carbamoylethyl)-L-cysteine (AAMA), N-acetyl-S-(N-methylcarbamoyl)-L-cysteine (AMCC), N-acetyl-S-(benzyl)-L-cysteine (BMA), N-acetyl-S-(2-carboxyethyl)-L-cysteine (CEMA), N-acetyl-S-(2-cyanoethyl)-L-cysteine (CYMA), N-acetyl-S-(3,4-dihydroxybutyl)-L-cysteine (DHBMA), N-acetyl-S-(2-hydroxyethyl)-L-cysteine (HEMA), mandelic acid (MA), trans, trans-muconic acid (MU), phenylglyoxylic acid (PGA), N-acetyl-S-(phenyl)-L-cysteine (S-PMA) | UPLC-MS/MS |
Pesticides and their metabolites[ | eight substances in human urine, including para-nitrophenol (PNP), 3,5,6-tricholor-2-pyridinol (TCPY), 3-phenoxy benzoic acid (3-PBA), 4-fluoro-3-phenoxy benzoic acid (4F-3-PBA), cis-dibromovinyl-dimethylcyclopropane carboxylic acid (cis-DCCA), trans-dichlorovinyl-dimethylcyclopropane carboxylic acid (trans-DCCA), 2,4-dicholorphenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), 2,4,5-tricholorphenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T) | UPLC-MS/MS |
Antibiotics[ | 43 substances in human urine, including azithromycin, clarithromycin, roxithromycin, tilmicosin, erythromycin, chlortetracycline, tetracycline, doxycycline, oxytetracycline, ofloxacin, enrofloxacin, pefloxacin, difloxacin, lomefloxacin, sarafloxacin, besifloxacin, formylciprofloxacin, 8-fluoro gatifloxacin, desmethylofloxacin, sulfamethazine, sulfamethoxazole, sulfadiazine, trimethoprim, sulfameter, sulfaquinoxaline, sulfachloropyridazine, clenbuterol, sulfamonomethoxine, 4-(3′-methylphenyl)amino-3-pyridinesulfonamide, sulfalene, sulfaclozine, ceftiofur, cefaclor, cefotaxime, ampicillin, penicillin V, penicillin G, cefquimide, quinocetone, lincomycin, terbutaline, salbutamol, ractopamine | UPLC-MS/MS |
Neonicotinoid insecticide | 12 substances in human urine, including deet, acetamiprid-N-desmethyl, 3-(diethylcarbamoyl) benzoic acid, N-ethyl benzamid-3-carboxylate, N,N-diethyl-3-(hydroxymethyl) benzamide, imidacloprid, admire, acetamiprid, clothianidin, saichongan, thiacloprid, hydroxyimidacloprid | UPLC-MS/MS |
Self-care and consumer product chemicals[ | 12 substances in human urine, including methyl paraben (MeP), ethyl paraben (EtP), propyl paraben (PrP), butyl paraben (BuP), 4-hydroxy benzophenone (4-OHBP), benzophenone-1 (BP-1), benzophenone-2 (BP-2), benzophenone-3 (BP-3), benzophenone-8 (BP-8), benzyl paraben (BzP), triclsan (TCS), triclocarban (TCC) | UPLC-MS/MS |
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances[ | 18 substances in human serum, including perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA), perfluoropentanoic acid (PFPeA), perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA), prfluoroheptanoic acid (PFHpA), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA), perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA), perfluoroundecanoic acid (PFUnDA), perfluorododecanoate acid (PFDoDA), perfluorotridecanoate acid (PFTriDA), perfluorotetradecanoic acid (PFTeDA), perfluorobutane sulfonate (PFBS), perfluorohexanesulfonate (PFHxS), perfluoroheptanesulfonate (PFHpS), perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), 4∶2 chlorinated polyfluorinated ether sulfonate (4∶2 Cl-PFESA), 6∶2 chlorinated polyfluorinated ether sulfonate (6∶2 CI-PFESA), 8∶2 chlorinated polyfluorinated ether sulfonate (8∶2 Cl-PFESA) | UPLC-MS/MS |
Tobacco metabolites[ | two substances in human serum, including cotinine and hydroxycotinine | UPLC-MS/MS |
Organochlorines[ | 43 substances in human serum, including α-hexachlorocyclohexane, α-chlordane, aldrin, β-hexachlorocyclohexane, δ-hexachlorocyclohexane, dieldrin, endosulfan 1, endosulfan 2, endrin, γ-hexachlorocyclohexane, γ-chlordane, heptachlor, heptachlor epoxide A, heptachlor epoxide B, hexachlorobenzene, isodrin, methoxychlor, mirex, 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(2,4′-dichlorophenyl)ethane (o,p′-DDD), 1,1-dichlor-2,2-bis(4-chlor-phenyl)ethanep (p,p′-DDD), 2-(2-chlorophenyl)-2-(4-chlorophenyl)-1,1-dichloroethylene (o,p′-DDE), 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(4-chorophenyl)ethylene (p,p′-DDE), 1,1,1-trichloro-2-(2-chlorophenyl)-2-(4-chlorophenyl)ethane (o,p′-DDT), 1,1-(2,2,2-trichloroethyliden)bis-(4-chlorobenzol)(p,p′-DDT), oxychlordane, 2,2′,4,5,5′-pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB101), 2,3,3′,4,4′-pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB105), 2,3,4,4′,5-pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB114), 2,3′,4,4′,5-pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB118), 2′,3,4,4′,5-pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB123), 3,3′,4,4′,5-pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB126), 2,2′,3,4,4′,5′-hexachlorobiphenyl (PCB138), 2,2′,4,4′,5,5′-hexachlorobiphenyl (PCB153), 2,3,3′,4,4′,5-hexachlorobiphenyl (PCB156), 2,3,3′,4,4′,5′-hexachlorobiphenyl (PCB157), 2,3′,4,4′,5,5′-hexachlorobiphenyl (PCB167), 3,3′,4,4′,5,5′-hexachlorobiphenyl (PCB169), 2,2′,3,4,4′,5,5′-heptachlorobiphenyl (PCB180), 2,3,3′,4,4′,5,5′-heptachlorobiphenyl (PCB189), 2,4,4′-trichlorobiphenyl (PCB28), 2,2′,5,5′-tetrachlorobiphenyl (PCB52), 3,3′,4,4′-tetrachlorobiphenyl (PCB77), 3,4,4′,5-tetrachlorobiphenyl (PCB81) | GC-MS/MS |
Brominated flame retardants[ | 14 substances in human serum, including 2,2′,4′-tribromodiphenyl ether (BDE-17), 2,4,4′-tribromodiphenyl ether (BDE-28), 2,2′,4,4′-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47), 2,3′,4,4′-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-66), 2,3′,4′,6-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-71), 2,2′,3,4,4′-pentabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-85), 2,2′,4,4′,5-pentabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-99), 2,2′,4,4′,6-pentabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-100), 2,2′,3,4,4′,5′-hexabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-138), 2,2′,4,4′,5,5′-hexabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-153), 2,2′,4,4′,5,6′-hexabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-154), 2,2′,3,4,4′,5′,6-heptabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-183), 2,3,3′,4,4′,5,6-heptabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-190), 2,2′,3,3′,4,4′,5,5′,6,6′-decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) | HRGC-MS |
Table 1 Monitoring indicators and analytical methods implemented in the China National Human Biomonitoring Program
Chemicals | Analytes | Analytical methods |
---|---|---|
Metals and metalloids[ | 20 substances in human blood and urine, including arsenic (As), barium (Ba), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), cobalt (Co), copper (Cu), lead (Pb), mercury (Hg), manganese (Mn), molybdenum (Mo), nickle (Ni), selenium (Se), stannum (Sn), stibium (Sb), strontium (Sr), silver (Ag), thallium (Tl), titanium (Ti), vanadium (V), zinc (Zn) | ICP-MS |
Ionic compounds | four substances in human urine, including calcium (Ca), fluoride (F), magnesium (Mg), phosphate (P) | IC |
Arsenic species | six substances in human urine, including arsenous acid (As-Ⅲ), arsenic acid (As-V), arsenobetaine (AsB), arsenocholine (AsC), dimethylarsinic acid (DMA), monomethylarsonic acid (MMA) | HPLC-ICP-MS |
Phthalate (PAE) metabolites[ | 15 substances in human urine, including mono-methyl phthalate (MMP), mono-ethyl phthalate (MEP), mono-isobutyl phthalate (MiBP), mono-n-butyl phthalate (MnBP), mono-benzyl phthalate (MBzP), mono-ethlyhexyl phthalate (MEHP), mono-cyclohexyl phthalate (MCHP), mono-ethyl oxohexyl phthalate (MEOHP), mono-ethyl hydroxyhexyl phthalate (MEHHP), mono-octyl phthalate (MOP), mono-isodecyl phthalate (MDP), mono-isononyl phthalate (MNP), mono-(2-ethyl-5-carboxypentyl) phthalate (MECPP), mono-(carboxyoctyl) phthalate (MCOP), mono-(2-carboxymethylhexyl) phthalate (MCMHP) | UPLC-MS/MS |
Bisphenol compounds[ | nine substances in human urine, including bisphenol A (BPA), bisphenol B (BPB), bisphenol C (BPC), bisphenol F (BPF), bisphenol S (BPS), bisphenol AF (BPAF), bisphenol AP (BPAP), tetrachlorobisphenol A (TCBPA), tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) | UPLC-MS/MS |
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) metabolites[ | 12 substances in human urine, including 1-naphthol (1-NAP), 2-naphthol (2-NAP), 2-hydroxyfluorene (2-FLU), 3-hydroxyfluorene (3-FLU), 9-hydroxyfluorene (9-FLU), 1-hydroxyphenanthrene (1-PHE), 2-hydroxyphenanthrene (2-PHE), 3-hydroxyphenanthrene (3-PHE), 4-hydroxyphenanthrene (4-PHE), 1-hydroxypyrene (1-PYR), 3-hydroxychrysene (3-CHR), 6-hydroxychrysene (6-CHR) | UPLC-MS/MS, HRGC-MS |
Volatile organic compound metabolites[ | 15 substances in human urine, including N-acetyl-S-(2-hydroxypropyl)-L-cysteine (2HPMA), 2-methylhippuric acid (2MHA), N-acetyl-S-(3-hydroxypropyl)-L-cysteine (3HPMA), 3-methylhippuric acid+4-methylhippuric acid (3MHA+4MHA), N-acetyl-S-(2-carbamoylethyl)-L-cysteine (AAMA), N-acetyl-S-(N-methylcarbamoyl)-L-cysteine (AMCC), N-acetyl-S-(benzyl)-L-cysteine (BMA), N-acetyl-S-(2-carboxyethyl)-L-cysteine (CEMA), N-acetyl-S-(2-cyanoethyl)-L-cysteine (CYMA), N-acetyl-S-(3,4-dihydroxybutyl)-L-cysteine (DHBMA), N-acetyl-S-(2-hydroxyethyl)-L-cysteine (HEMA), mandelic acid (MA), trans, trans-muconic acid (MU), phenylglyoxylic acid (PGA), N-acetyl-S-(phenyl)-L-cysteine (S-PMA) | UPLC-MS/MS |
Pesticides and their metabolites[ | eight substances in human urine, including para-nitrophenol (PNP), 3,5,6-tricholor-2-pyridinol (TCPY), 3-phenoxy benzoic acid (3-PBA), 4-fluoro-3-phenoxy benzoic acid (4F-3-PBA), cis-dibromovinyl-dimethylcyclopropane carboxylic acid (cis-DCCA), trans-dichlorovinyl-dimethylcyclopropane carboxylic acid (trans-DCCA), 2,4-dicholorphenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), 2,4,5-tricholorphenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T) | UPLC-MS/MS |
Antibiotics[ | 43 substances in human urine, including azithromycin, clarithromycin, roxithromycin, tilmicosin, erythromycin, chlortetracycline, tetracycline, doxycycline, oxytetracycline, ofloxacin, enrofloxacin, pefloxacin, difloxacin, lomefloxacin, sarafloxacin, besifloxacin, formylciprofloxacin, 8-fluoro gatifloxacin, desmethylofloxacin, sulfamethazine, sulfamethoxazole, sulfadiazine, trimethoprim, sulfameter, sulfaquinoxaline, sulfachloropyridazine, clenbuterol, sulfamonomethoxine, 4-(3′-methylphenyl)amino-3-pyridinesulfonamide, sulfalene, sulfaclozine, ceftiofur, cefaclor, cefotaxime, ampicillin, penicillin V, penicillin G, cefquimide, quinocetone, lincomycin, terbutaline, salbutamol, ractopamine | UPLC-MS/MS |
Neonicotinoid insecticide | 12 substances in human urine, including deet, acetamiprid-N-desmethyl, 3-(diethylcarbamoyl) benzoic acid, N-ethyl benzamid-3-carboxylate, N,N-diethyl-3-(hydroxymethyl) benzamide, imidacloprid, admire, acetamiprid, clothianidin, saichongan, thiacloprid, hydroxyimidacloprid | UPLC-MS/MS |
Self-care and consumer product chemicals[ | 12 substances in human urine, including methyl paraben (MeP), ethyl paraben (EtP), propyl paraben (PrP), butyl paraben (BuP), 4-hydroxy benzophenone (4-OHBP), benzophenone-1 (BP-1), benzophenone-2 (BP-2), benzophenone-3 (BP-3), benzophenone-8 (BP-8), benzyl paraben (BzP), triclsan (TCS), triclocarban (TCC) | UPLC-MS/MS |
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances[ | 18 substances in human serum, including perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA), perfluoropentanoic acid (PFPeA), perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA), prfluoroheptanoic acid (PFHpA), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA), perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA), perfluoroundecanoic acid (PFUnDA), perfluorododecanoate acid (PFDoDA), perfluorotridecanoate acid (PFTriDA), perfluorotetradecanoic acid (PFTeDA), perfluorobutane sulfonate (PFBS), perfluorohexanesulfonate (PFHxS), perfluoroheptanesulfonate (PFHpS), perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), 4∶2 chlorinated polyfluorinated ether sulfonate (4∶2 Cl-PFESA), 6∶2 chlorinated polyfluorinated ether sulfonate (6∶2 CI-PFESA), 8∶2 chlorinated polyfluorinated ether sulfonate (8∶2 Cl-PFESA) | UPLC-MS/MS |
Tobacco metabolites[ | two substances in human serum, including cotinine and hydroxycotinine | UPLC-MS/MS |
Organochlorines[ | 43 substances in human serum, including α-hexachlorocyclohexane, α-chlordane, aldrin, β-hexachlorocyclohexane, δ-hexachlorocyclohexane, dieldrin, endosulfan 1, endosulfan 2, endrin, γ-hexachlorocyclohexane, γ-chlordane, heptachlor, heptachlor epoxide A, heptachlor epoxide B, hexachlorobenzene, isodrin, methoxychlor, mirex, 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(2,4′-dichlorophenyl)ethane (o,p′-DDD), 1,1-dichlor-2,2-bis(4-chlor-phenyl)ethanep (p,p′-DDD), 2-(2-chlorophenyl)-2-(4-chlorophenyl)-1,1-dichloroethylene (o,p′-DDE), 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(4-chorophenyl)ethylene (p,p′-DDE), 1,1,1-trichloro-2-(2-chlorophenyl)-2-(4-chlorophenyl)ethane (o,p′-DDT), 1,1-(2,2,2-trichloroethyliden)bis-(4-chlorobenzol)(p,p′-DDT), oxychlordane, 2,2′,4,5,5′-pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB101), 2,3,3′,4,4′-pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB105), 2,3,4,4′,5-pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB114), 2,3′,4,4′,5-pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB118), 2′,3,4,4′,5-pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB123), 3,3′,4,4′,5-pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB126), 2,2′,3,4,4′,5′-hexachlorobiphenyl (PCB138), 2,2′,4,4′,5,5′-hexachlorobiphenyl (PCB153), 2,3,3′,4,4′,5-hexachlorobiphenyl (PCB156), 2,3,3′,4,4′,5′-hexachlorobiphenyl (PCB157), 2,3′,4,4′,5,5′-hexachlorobiphenyl (PCB167), 3,3′,4,4′,5,5′-hexachlorobiphenyl (PCB169), 2,2′,3,4,4′,5,5′-heptachlorobiphenyl (PCB180), 2,3,3′,4,4′,5,5′-heptachlorobiphenyl (PCB189), 2,4,4′-trichlorobiphenyl (PCB28), 2,2′,5,5′-tetrachlorobiphenyl (PCB52), 3,3′,4,4′-tetrachlorobiphenyl (PCB77), 3,4,4′,5-tetrachlorobiphenyl (PCB81) | GC-MS/MS |
Brominated flame retardants[ | 14 substances in human serum, including 2,2′,4′-tribromodiphenyl ether (BDE-17), 2,4,4′-tribromodiphenyl ether (BDE-28), 2,2′,4,4′-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47), 2,3′,4,4′-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-66), 2,3′,4′,6-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-71), 2,2′,3,4,4′-pentabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-85), 2,2′,4,4′,5-pentabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-99), 2,2′,4,4′,6-pentabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-100), 2,2′,3,4,4′,5′-hexabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-138), 2,2′,4,4′,5,5′-hexabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-153), 2,2′,4,4′,5,6′-hexabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-154), 2,2′,3,4,4′,5′,6-heptabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-183), 2,3,3′,4,4′,5,6-heptabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-190), 2,2′,3,3′,4,4′,5,5′,6,6′-decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) | HRGC-MS |
Chemicals | SRM | Quality control sample | G-EQUAS | Interlaboratory comparison | Blind sample |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Metals and metalloids | / | √ | √ | √ | √ |
Ionic compounds | / | √ | √ | √ | √ |
Arsenic species | √ | √ | / | √ | √ |
PAE metabolites | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ |
Bisphenol compounds | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ |
PAH metabolites | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ |
Volatile organic compound metabolites | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ |
Pesticides and their metabolites | / | √ | √ | √ | √ |
Antibiotics | √ | √ | / | / | √ |
Neonicotinoid insecticide | / | √ | / | / | √ |
Self-care and consumer product chemicals | √ | √ | / | √ | √ |
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ |
Tobacco metabolites | / | √ | / | √ | √ |
Organochlorines | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ |
Brominated flame retardants | √ | √ | / | √ | √ |
Table 2 Quality control measures during sample testing
Chemicals | SRM | Quality control sample | G-EQUAS | Interlaboratory comparison | Blind sample |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Metals and metalloids | / | √ | √ | √ | √ |
Ionic compounds | / | √ | √ | √ | √ |
Arsenic species | √ | √ | / | √ | √ |
PAE metabolites | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ |
Bisphenol compounds | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ |
PAH metabolites | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ |
Volatile organic compound metabolites | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ |
Pesticides and their metabolites | / | √ | √ | √ | √ |
Antibiotics | √ | √ | / | / | √ |
Neonicotinoid insecticide | / | √ | / | / | √ |
Self-care and consumer product chemicals | √ | √ | / | √ | √ |
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ |
Tobacco metabolites | / | √ | / | √ | √ |
Organochlorines | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ |
Brominated flame retardants | √ | √ | / | √ | √ |
Chemicals | Matrix | SRMs |
---|---|---|
Arsenic species | urine | NIST SRM 2669: arsenic species in frozen human urine GBW 09115: arsenic species in freeze-dry human urine |
PAE metabolites | urine | NIST SRM 3672: organic contaminants in non-smokers' urine |
Bisphenol compounds | urine | NIST SRM 3673: organic contaminants in non-smokers' urine |
PAH metabolites | urine | NIST SRM 3673: organic contaminants in non-smokers' urine |
Volatile organic compound metabolites | urine | NIST SRM 3673: organic contaminants in non-smokers' urine |
Antibiotics | urine | ERM BCR 503: bovine urine (clenbuterol and salbutamol) |
Self-care and consumer product chemicals | urine | NIST SRM 3673: organic contaminants in non-smokers' urine |
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances | serum | NIST SRM 1957: organic contaminants in non-fortified human serum |
Organochlorines | serum | NIST SRM 1957: organic contaminants in non-fortified human serum |
Brominated flame retardants | serum | NIST SRM 1957: organic contaminants in non-fortified human serum |
Table 3 Application of SRMs in China National Human Biomonitoring Program
Chemicals | Matrix | SRMs |
---|---|---|
Arsenic species | urine | NIST SRM 2669: arsenic species in frozen human urine GBW 09115: arsenic species in freeze-dry human urine |
PAE metabolites | urine | NIST SRM 3672: organic contaminants in non-smokers' urine |
Bisphenol compounds | urine | NIST SRM 3673: organic contaminants in non-smokers' urine |
PAH metabolites | urine | NIST SRM 3673: organic contaminants in non-smokers' urine |
Volatile organic compound metabolites | urine | NIST SRM 3673: organic contaminants in non-smokers' urine |
Antibiotics | urine | ERM BCR 503: bovine urine (clenbuterol and salbutamol) |
Self-care and consumer product chemicals | urine | NIST SRM 3673: organic contaminants in non-smokers' urine |
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances | serum | NIST SRM 1957: organic contaminants in non-fortified human serum |
Organochlorines | serum | NIST SRM 1957: organic contaminants in non-fortified human serum |
Brominated flame retardants | serum | NIST SRM 1957: organic contaminants in non-fortified human serum |
Chemicals | Matrixes | Analytes |
---|---|---|
Metals and metalloids | blood/urine | As, Cd, Cr, Co, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Zn |
Ionic compounds | urine | F, Ca |
Phthalate metabolites | urine | MEP, MnBP, MiBP, MBzP, MEHP, 5-OH-MEHP, 5-OXO-MEHP, 5-carboxy-MEPP |
Bisphenol compounds | urine | BPA, BPS, BPF |
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon metabolites | urine | 1-NAP, 2-NAP, 1-PYR |
Volatile organic compound metabolites | urine | HA, MHA, MA, S-PMA, 2-HPMA, 3-HPMA, AAMA, AMCC, DHBMA, CEMA, HEMA |
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances | serum | PFOA, PFOS, PFNA, PFDA, PFHxS, PFHpS, PFBS, FPBA |
Pesticides and their metabolites | urine | cis-DCCA, trans-DCCA, 3-PBA, PNP, TCPY |
Organochlorines | serum | p,p′-DDE, DDT, α-HCH, β-HCH, γ-HCH, PCB-28, PCB-52, PCB-101, PCB-138, PCB-153, PCB-180 |
Table 4 Monitoring indicators participated in the G-EQUAS
Chemicals | Matrixes | Analytes |
---|---|---|
Metals and metalloids | blood/urine | As, Cd, Cr, Co, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Zn |
Ionic compounds | urine | F, Ca |
Phthalate metabolites | urine | MEP, MnBP, MiBP, MBzP, MEHP, 5-OH-MEHP, 5-OXO-MEHP, 5-carboxy-MEPP |
Bisphenol compounds | urine | BPA, BPS, BPF |
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon metabolites | urine | 1-NAP, 2-NAP, 1-PYR |
Volatile organic compound metabolites | urine | HA, MHA, MA, S-PMA, 2-HPMA, 3-HPMA, AAMA, AMCC, DHBMA, CEMA, HEMA |
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances | serum | PFOA, PFOS, PFNA, PFDA, PFHxS, PFHpS, PFBS, FPBA |
Pesticides and their metabolites | urine | cis-DCCA, trans-DCCA, 3-PBA, PNP, TCPY |
Organochlorines | serum | p,p′-DDE, DDT, α-HCH, β-HCH, γ-HCH, PCB-28, PCB-52, PCB-101, PCB-138, PCB-153, PCB-180 |
Fig. 1 Coefficients of variation of the five blind samples (BSs) during the determination of 17 metals and metalloidsBS-1, BS-2, BS-3, BS-4 and BS-5 represented five different levels of BSs, respectively.
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