Abstract:

Pesticides are ubiquitous to human life but their residues are indispensable micropollutants that threaten human health. In recent years， the global use of pesticides has increased significantly in recent years， and their environmental profiles have become increasingly complex as different generations of pesticides have appeared on the market. The residues of various legacy and emerging pesticides are omnipresent in both the environment and food medias. Consequently， developing rapid and sensitive detection technologies for analyzing multiple residues is imperative. Sample pretreatment， particularly adsorbent selection and innovation， is indispensable in this regard. So far， a wide range of hybrid nanomaterials have been used for the enrichment or adsorption of pesticide residues. While traditional solid-phase-extraction-based （SPE-based） sorbents are widely used， they lack specific interactions and are poorly selective. Normal carbon materials （e.g.， graphene oxide and carbon nanotubes）， which have large surface areas and pore volumes， have progressed significantly； however， they still have insufficient active adsorption sites. Notably， porous materials， including metal-organic frameworks （MOFs）， porous organic polymers （POPs） （including covalent organic frameworks （COFs）， covalent triazine frameworks （CTFs）， conjugated microporous polymers （CMPs）， microporous organic networks （MONs， sub-familied by CMPs， porous aromatic frameworks （PAFs）， and hyper-crosslinked polymers （HCPs））， nano-porous carbons（NPCs）， and zeolites display exceptional properties because they have high porosity， tunable pore sizes， large surface areas， and diverse modification sites. In this review， strategies for the enhancement of adsorption performance of porous-material-based adsorbents， including materials hybridization， monomer modification， configuration regulation， and properties adjustment are first introduced. Furthermore， publications from 2018 to 2024 pertaining to the utilization of porous-material-based adsorbents for diverse types of pesticides were briefly elaborated. The properties of pesticides， the designs and performance of porous materials， and their interaction mechanisms were discussed. A total of 14 types of pesticides are included in the discussion， namely organochlorine pesticides （OCPs）， organophosphorus pesticides （OPPs）， pyrethroids （PYRs）， benzoylurea insecticides （BUs）， neonicotinoid insecticides （NEOs）， phenyl-pyrazole insecticides （PPZs）， phenoxy carboxylic acid herbicides （PCAs）， triazine herbicides （TRZHs）， benzimidazole fungicides （BZDs）， azole/triazoles fungicides， strobilurin fungicides （SFs）， carbamate insecticides （Carbs）， phenyl-urea herbicides （PUHs）， and diamide insecticides. Our summary revealed that an adsorbent was predominantly designed based on the textural properties of the target pesticide and the structural characteristics of the hybrid material， such as its functional groups， polarity， and pore size， to enhance adsorption performance and selectivity. MOFs and POPs are the most commonly used pesticide adsorbents， whereas fewer NPCs have been reported in this regard. Additionally， the applications potentials of porous-material-based adsorbents were explored. The findings revealed that conventional pesticides， such as OPPs， have been significantly researched in the extraction technology field. In contrast， concerns surrounding newer pesticides， including NEOs， PPZs， and SFs， as well as some significantly detected residues （BZDs and TRZHs）， have not been fully addressed， highlighting the need for future adsorbent research that prioritizes emerging and significantly detected pesticides.

Key words: pesticide residues, porous materials, adsorbents, pretreatment technologies, environmental and foodstuff samples, review