Chinese Journal of Chromatography ›› 2025, Vol. 43 ›› Issue (12): 1314-1326.DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1123.2025.06014
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WU Jialei, YU Liqin, WANG Bangjin, XIE Shengming, ZHANG Junhui(
), YUAN Liming
Received:2025-06-15
Online:2025-12-08
Published:2025-12-08
Supported by:CLC Number:
WU Jialei, YU Liqin, WANG Bangjin, XIE Shengming, ZHANG Junhui, YUAN Liming. Preparation of a chiral porous organic cage-bonded silica high performance liquid chromatography stationary phase and its application to the resolution of chiral compounds[J]. Chinese Journal of Chromatography, 2025, 43(12): 1314-1326.
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URL: https://www.chrom-china.com/EN/10.3724/SP.J.1123.2025.06014
Fig. 1 Syntheses of CC3-R, RCC3-R and CSPCompound 1: the compound obtained by introducing C=C bond functionalized linker arms appending to the RCC3-R; AIBN: azobisisobutyronitrile; CSP: chiral stationary phase; CC3-R: a chiral porous organic cage; RCC3-R: the reduced porous organic cage of CC3-R.
| Sample | Contents/% | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| C | N | H | |
| SiO2-SH | 4.36 | ˂0.05 | 1.79 |
| CSP | 10.02 | 1.12 | 2.04 |
Table 1 Elemental analysis data of SiO2-SH and CSP
| Sample | Contents/% | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| C | N | H | |
| SiO2-SH | 4.36 | ˂0.05 | 1.79 |
| CSP | 10.02 | 1.12 | 2.04 |
| Racemate | RCC3-R | Chiralpak AD-H | Chiralcel OD-H | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| k1 | α | Rs | k1 | α | Rs | k1 | α | Rs | |
| 1-Phenylethylamine | 0.90 | 2.54 | 5.86a) | 0.71 | 1.00 | - | 0.96 | 1.19 | 0.81 |
| 4,4′-Dimethylbenzoin | 0.81 | 2.58 | 5.19a) | 5.06 | 1.10 | 2.74 | 1.69 | 1.36 | 2.39 |
| 3-(Benzyloxy)propane-1,2-diol | 3.51 | 1.86 | 4.66a) | 2.24 | 1.19 | 0.70 | 2.73 | 1.06 | 2.12 |
| 1,1′-Bi-2-naphthol | 3.39 | 1.56 | 4.09b) | 7.44 | 1.03 | 0.10 | 3.80 | 1.11 | 1.25 |
| 4,4′-Difluorobenzoin | 1.37 | 2.44 | 4.00a) | 4.36 | 1.10 | 2.09 | 1.81 | 1.09 | 0.93 |
| 3-Hydroxy-2-butanone | 1.57 | 1.52 | 3.06a) | 1.29 | 1.00 | - | 0.84 | 1.00 | - |
| 1-(4-Chlorophenyl)ethanol | 2.61 | 1.28 | 2.29b) | 0.86 | 1.04 | 0.49 | 0.78 | 1.13 | 0.65 |
| Methyl mandelate | 0.77 | 1.62 | 1.93a) | 1.92 | 1.08 | 1.63 | 1.45 | 2.04 | 7.68 |
| 1-(3-Bromophenyl)ethanol | 1.03 | 1.45 | 1.91a) | 1.04 | 1.00 | - | 0.86 | 1.13 | 0.71 |
| 1-(3-Fluorophenyl)ethanol | 0.90 | 1.40 | 1.69a) | 0.83 | 1.00 | - | 0.62 | 1.00 | - |
| 3-Chloro-2-butanone | 1.17 | 1.30 | 1.62a) | 0.40 | 2.31 | 0.83 | 0.33 | 1.97 | 3.02 |
| 2-Methoxy-2-phenylethanol | 0.89 | 1.31 | 1.53a) | 0.91 | 1.23 | 2.70 | 0.81 | 1.13 | 0.69 |
| 2,2′-Furoin | 1.35 | 1.23 | 1.30b) | 2.08 | 1.00 | - | 3.43 | 1.26 | 3.54 |
| Dihydroflavone | 1.17 | 1.23 | 1.28a) | 1.45 | 1.07 | 1.16 | 1.55 | 1.42 | 3.66 |
| Ibuprofen | 0.62 | 1.42 | 1.27a) | 0.71 | 1.00 | - | 0.69 | 1.00 | - |
| 2-Ethylhexanoic acid | 1.08 | 1.30 | 1.26a) | 0.40 | 1.41 | 1.13 | 0.66 | 1.00 | - |
| Ethyl mandelate | 1.65 | 1.23 | 0.94a) | 1.92 | 1.08 | 1.63 | 1.45 | 2.04 | 7.68 |
| 1-Phenylethanol | 0.91 | 1.18 | 0.87a) | 0.84 | 1.00 | - | 0.90 | 1.22 | 1.29 |
Table 2 Separation data of racemates on the RCC3-R, Chiralpak AD-H, and Chiralcel OD-H columns in normal phase (NP) elution mode
| Racemate | RCC3-R | Chiralpak AD-H | Chiralcel OD-H | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| k1 | α | Rs | k1 | α | Rs | k1 | α | Rs | |
| 1-Phenylethylamine | 0.90 | 2.54 | 5.86a) | 0.71 | 1.00 | - | 0.96 | 1.19 | 0.81 |
| 4,4′-Dimethylbenzoin | 0.81 | 2.58 | 5.19a) | 5.06 | 1.10 | 2.74 | 1.69 | 1.36 | 2.39 |
| 3-(Benzyloxy)propane-1,2-diol | 3.51 | 1.86 | 4.66a) | 2.24 | 1.19 | 0.70 | 2.73 | 1.06 | 2.12 |
| 1,1′-Bi-2-naphthol | 3.39 | 1.56 | 4.09b) | 7.44 | 1.03 | 0.10 | 3.80 | 1.11 | 1.25 |
| 4,4′-Difluorobenzoin | 1.37 | 2.44 | 4.00a) | 4.36 | 1.10 | 2.09 | 1.81 | 1.09 | 0.93 |
| 3-Hydroxy-2-butanone | 1.57 | 1.52 | 3.06a) | 1.29 | 1.00 | - | 0.84 | 1.00 | - |
| 1-(4-Chlorophenyl)ethanol | 2.61 | 1.28 | 2.29b) | 0.86 | 1.04 | 0.49 | 0.78 | 1.13 | 0.65 |
| Methyl mandelate | 0.77 | 1.62 | 1.93a) | 1.92 | 1.08 | 1.63 | 1.45 | 2.04 | 7.68 |
| 1-(3-Bromophenyl)ethanol | 1.03 | 1.45 | 1.91a) | 1.04 | 1.00 | - | 0.86 | 1.13 | 0.71 |
| 1-(3-Fluorophenyl)ethanol | 0.90 | 1.40 | 1.69a) | 0.83 | 1.00 | - | 0.62 | 1.00 | - |
| 3-Chloro-2-butanone | 1.17 | 1.30 | 1.62a) | 0.40 | 2.31 | 0.83 | 0.33 | 1.97 | 3.02 |
| 2-Methoxy-2-phenylethanol | 0.89 | 1.31 | 1.53a) | 0.91 | 1.23 | 2.70 | 0.81 | 1.13 | 0.69 |
| 2,2′-Furoin | 1.35 | 1.23 | 1.30b) | 2.08 | 1.00 | - | 3.43 | 1.26 | 3.54 |
| Dihydroflavone | 1.17 | 1.23 | 1.28a) | 1.45 | 1.07 | 1.16 | 1.55 | 1.42 | 3.66 |
| Ibuprofen | 0.62 | 1.42 | 1.27a) | 0.71 | 1.00 | - | 0.69 | 1.00 | - |
| 2-Ethylhexanoic acid | 1.08 | 1.30 | 1.26a) | 0.40 | 1.41 | 1.13 | 0.66 | 1.00 | - |
| Ethyl mandelate | 1.65 | 1.23 | 0.94a) | 1.92 | 1.08 | 1.63 | 1.45 | 2.04 | 7.68 |
| 1-Phenylethanol | 0.91 | 1.18 | 0.87a) | 0.84 | 1.00 | - | 0.90 | 1.22 | 1.29 |
Fig. 5 (a) Structural diagrams of the CC3-R molecule and (b) one of its pore windowsThe yellow sphere represents the internal cavity. One of the approximately triangular pore windows with the dimension of about 0.92 nm.
| Racemate | RCC3-R | Chiralpak AD-H | Chiralcel OD-H | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| k1 | α | Rs | k1 | α | Rs | k1 | α | Rs | |
| trans-Stilbene oxide | 0.36 | 5.96 | 6.51a) | 0.66 | 2.78 | 9.54 | 0.83 | 1.95 | 4.38 |
| Ibuprofen | 0.37 | 2.87 | 2.88a) | 0.71 | 1.00 | - | 0.69 | 1.00 | - |
| Propylene oxide | 0.42 | 2.32 | 2.66a) | 0.53 | 1.00 | - | 0.65 | 1.00 | - |
| 2,2,2-Trifluoro-1-(9-anthryl)ethanol | 3.60 | 1.52 | 2.47b) | 1.76 | 1.52 | 3.30 | 1.97 | 3.10 | 11.10 |
| Ethyl mandelate | 0.51 | 1.97 | 1.84b) | 1.92 | 1.08 | 1.63 | 1.45 | 2.04 | 7.68 |
| Omeprazole | 1.17 | 1.45 | 1.52b) | 4.53 | 1.26 | 2.53 | 6.84 | 1.30 | 2.77 |
| 1-(3-Bromophenyl)ethanol | 0.67 | 1.64 | 1.53a) | 1.04 | 1.00 | - | 0.86 | 1.13 | 0.71 |
| β-Butyrolactone | 0.36 | 1.71 | 1.37a) | 0.57 | 1.00 | - | 0.65 | 1.00 | - |
| 4,4′-Difluorobenzoin | 0.32 | 2.07 | 1.33a) | 4.36 | 1.10 | 2.09 | 1.81 | 1.09 | 0.93 |
| 1,2-Diphenyl-1,2-ethanediol | 0.63 | 1.48 | 1.29b) | 0.36 | 1.00 | - | 2.61 | 1.00 | - |
| 4,4′-Dimethoxybenzoin | 0.81 | 1.55 | 1.19b) | 4.84 | 1.71 | 4.91 | 5.67 | 1.12 | 1.86 |
| 2-Methoxy-2-phenylethanol | 0.46 | 1.54 | 0.98b) | 0.91 | 1.23 | 2.70 | 0.81 | 1.13 | 0.69 |
| 2-Phenylcyclohexanone | 0.65 | 1.34 | 0.77a) | 0.89 | 1.00 | - | 1.23 | 1.15 | 1.22 |
| 2-Methylpentanal | 0.48 | 1.38 | 0.76a) | 0.47 | 1.00 | - | 0.44 | 1.00 | - |
| 3-(Benzyloxy)propane-1,2-diol | 0.46 | 1.64 | 0.63b) | 2.24 | 1.19 | 0.70 | 2.73 | 1.06 | 2.12 |
| 1-Phenyl-1,2-ethanediol | 0.51 | 1.31 | 0.52a) | 2.18 | 1.00 | - | 1.72 | 1.11 | 0.93 |
Table 3 Separation data of racemates on the RCC3-R, Chiralpak AD-H, and Chiralcel OD-H columns in reversed-phase (RP) elution mode
| Racemate | RCC3-R | Chiralpak AD-H | Chiralcel OD-H | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| k1 | α | Rs | k1 | α | Rs | k1 | α | Rs | |
| trans-Stilbene oxide | 0.36 | 5.96 | 6.51a) | 0.66 | 2.78 | 9.54 | 0.83 | 1.95 | 4.38 |
| Ibuprofen | 0.37 | 2.87 | 2.88a) | 0.71 | 1.00 | - | 0.69 | 1.00 | - |
| Propylene oxide | 0.42 | 2.32 | 2.66a) | 0.53 | 1.00 | - | 0.65 | 1.00 | - |
| 2,2,2-Trifluoro-1-(9-anthryl)ethanol | 3.60 | 1.52 | 2.47b) | 1.76 | 1.52 | 3.30 | 1.97 | 3.10 | 11.10 |
| Ethyl mandelate | 0.51 | 1.97 | 1.84b) | 1.92 | 1.08 | 1.63 | 1.45 | 2.04 | 7.68 |
| Omeprazole | 1.17 | 1.45 | 1.52b) | 4.53 | 1.26 | 2.53 | 6.84 | 1.30 | 2.77 |
| 1-(3-Bromophenyl)ethanol | 0.67 | 1.64 | 1.53a) | 1.04 | 1.00 | - | 0.86 | 1.13 | 0.71 |
| β-Butyrolactone | 0.36 | 1.71 | 1.37a) | 0.57 | 1.00 | - | 0.65 | 1.00 | - |
| 4,4′-Difluorobenzoin | 0.32 | 2.07 | 1.33a) | 4.36 | 1.10 | 2.09 | 1.81 | 1.09 | 0.93 |
| 1,2-Diphenyl-1,2-ethanediol | 0.63 | 1.48 | 1.29b) | 0.36 | 1.00 | - | 2.61 | 1.00 | - |
| 4,4′-Dimethoxybenzoin | 0.81 | 1.55 | 1.19b) | 4.84 | 1.71 | 4.91 | 5.67 | 1.12 | 1.86 |
| 2-Methoxy-2-phenylethanol | 0.46 | 1.54 | 0.98b) | 0.91 | 1.23 | 2.70 | 0.81 | 1.13 | 0.69 |
| 2-Phenylcyclohexanone | 0.65 | 1.34 | 0.77a) | 0.89 | 1.00 | - | 1.23 | 1.15 | 1.22 |
| 2-Methylpentanal | 0.48 | 1.38 | 0.76a) | 0.47 | 1.00 | - | 0.44 | 1.00 | - |
| 3-(Benzyloxy)propane-1,2-diol | 0.46 | 1.64 | 0.63b) | 2.24 | 1.19 | 0.70 | 2.73 | 1.06 | 2.12 |
| 1-Phenyl-1,2-ethanediol | 0.51 | 1.31 | 0.52a) | 2.18 | 1.00 | - | 1.72 | 1.11 | 0.93 |
Fig. 7 Effect of column temperature on the enantioseparation performance of the RCC3-R columnRacemic dihydroflavone was separated under NP-HPLC, and other chromatographic conditions were the same as those in Table 2. Racemic 1,2-diphenyl-1,2-ethanediol was separated under RP-HPLC, and other chromatographic conditions were the same as those in Table 3.
| Analyte | ΔH/ (kJ/mol) | ΔS/ (J/(mol·K) | ΔG/ (kJ/mol) |
|---|---|---|---|
| R-Dihydroflavone | -6.79±0.12 | -10.25±0.40 | -3.74±0.12 |
| S-Dihydroflavone | -8.10±0.12 | -12.98±0.38 | -4.23±0.12 |
| R-1,2-Diphenyl-1,2-ethanediol | -11.50±0.22 | -31.94±0.71 | -1.98±0.22 |
| S-1,2-Diphenyl-1,2-ethanediol | -9.45±0.08 | -19.27±0.23 | -3.71±0.08 |
Table 4 Thermodynamic values for the resolution of racemic dihydroflavone in NP-HPLC and racemic 1,2-diphenyl-1,2-ethanediol in RP-HPLC
| Analyte | ΔH/ (kJ/mol) | ΔS/ (J/(mol·K) | ΔG/ (kJ/mol) |
|---|---|---|---|
| R-Dihydroflavone | -6.79±0.12 | -10.25±0.40 | -3.74±0.12 |
| S-Dihydroflavone | -8.10±0.12 | -12.98±0.38 | -4.23±0.12 |
| R-1,2-Diphenyl-1,2-ethanediol | -11.50±0.22 | -31.94±0.71 | -1.98±0.22 |
| S-1,2-Diphenyl-1,2-ethanediol | -9.45±0.08 | -19.27±0.23 | -3.71±0.08 |
Fig. 8 Effect of injection mass on the enantioseparation performance of the RCC3-R columnRacemic dihydroflavone was separated under NP-HPLC, and other chromatographic conditions were the same as those in Table 2. Racemic 1,2-diphenyl-1,2-ethanediol was separated under RP-HPLC, and other chromatographic conditions were the same as those in Table 3.
Fig. 9 Injection repeatability of the RCC3-R columnRacemic dihydroflavone was separated under NP-HPLC, and other chromatographic conditions were the same as those in Table 2. Racemic 1,2-diphenyl-1,2-ethanediol was separated under RP-HPLC, and other chromatographic conditions were the same as those in Table 3.
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