Chinese Journal of Chromatography ›› 2025, Vol. 43 ›› Issue (6): 620-629.DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1123.2024.10031
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BAO Dejun, FENG Zhuangzhuang, ZHANG Xu, SUN Qi, ZHANG Zhuona, HU Xiaojian, ZHU Ying*(), LIN Xiao*(
)
Received:
2024-10-29
Online:
2025-06-08
Published:
2025-05-21
Supported by:
CLC Number:
BAO Dejun, FENG Zhuangzhuang, ZHANG Xu, SUN Qi, ZHANG Zhuona, HU Xiaojian, ZHU Ying, LIN Xiao. Determination of 22 organic ultraviolet absorbers in human serum by ultra performance liquid chromatography- tandem mass spectrometry[J]. Chinese Journal of Chromatography, 2025, 43(6): 620-629.
Compound | Retention time/min | Parent ion (m/z) | Daughter ions (m/z) | CV/V | CEs/eV | Internal standard |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
4′-Methoxyacetophenone (4′-MAP) | 5.57 | 151.1 | 42.9*, 93.9 | 18 | 12, 20 | EHMC-D3 |
2,2′,4,4′-Tetrahydroxybenzophenone (BP-2) | 5.59 | 245.0 | 91.0, 135.0* | ‒10 | ‒28, ‒16 | BP-2-D4 |
4-Hydroxybenzophenone (4-OHBP) | 6.67 | 196.9 | 91.9*, 120.1 | ‒10 | ‒26, ‒24 | 4-OHBP-D4 |
2,2′-Dihydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone (BP-8) | 6.72 | 243.9 | 93.1*, 123.5 | ‒20 | ‒22, ‒16 | BP-8-D3 |
2,4-Dihydroxybenzophenone (BP-1) | 6.89 | 212.9 | 91.0, 135.0* | ‒16 | ‒24, ‒20 | BP-1-D5 |
Oxybenzone (BP-3) | 7.42 | 227.1 | 167.0, 211.2* | ‒8 | ‒34, ‒16 | BP-3-D3 |
3-Benzylidene camphor (3-BC) | 8.29 | 241.2 | 91.0*, 157.1 | 10 | 32, 16 | 4-MBC-D4 |
2-(2-Hydroxy-5-methylphenyl)benzotriazole (UV-P) | 8.65 | 226.1 | 107.0, 120.0* | 12 | 20, 18 | UV-P-D3 |
4-Methylbenzylidene camphor (4-MBC) | 9.07 | 259.1 | 97.1, 105.0* | 28 | 18, 26 | 4-MBC-D4 |
Diethylaminohydroxybenzoylhexyl benzoate (DHHB) | 9.57 | 398.3 | 148.9*, 233.2 | 30 | 18, 10 | OC-13C3 |
Octocrylene (OC) | 10.77 | 362.5 | 232.3*, 250.1 | 20 | 20, 20 | OC-13C3 |
2-Cyano-3,3-diphenylpropenoic acid (CDAA) | 10.78 | 250.0 | 201.0, 207.0* | 20 | 25, 15 | OC-13C3 |
Avobenzone (AVO) | 11.75 | 310.9 | 134.9, 161.2* | 20 | 20, 20 | AVO-13CD |
Ethylhexyl methoxycinnamate (EHMC) | 11.76 | 290.9 | 160.8*, 179.1 | 16 | 12, 12 | EHMC-D3 |
4-Methoxycinnamic acid (4-MCA) | 11.77 | 178.9 | 132.9*, 117.9 | 18 | 18, 24 | EHMC-D3 |
Ethylhexyl salicylate (EHS) | 11.96 | 249.0 | 93.0, 249.0* | ‒15 | ‒5, ‒22 | EHS-D4 |
Homosalate (HMS) | 12.04 | 261.0 | 93.0, 137.0* | ‒18 | ‒18, ‒18 | HMS-D4 |
2-(2H-Benzotriazol-2-yl)-4-methyl-6-(2-propenyl)phenol (UV-9) | 12.06 | 266.3 | 119.0*, 147.0 | 15 | 18, 16 | EHS-D4 |
2-(2′-Hydroxy-5′-(1-1-3-3-tetramethylbutyl)phenyl)benzotriazole (UV-329) | 12.46 | 324.2 | 57.0, 212.1* | 4 | 26, 22 | UV-329-13C6 |
2-(5-Chlor-2H-benzotriazol-2-yl)-6-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-4-methyl-phenol (UV-326) | 13.04 | 316.1 | 57.0, 106.9* | 50 | 24, 24 | UV-326-D3 |
2-(2H-Benzotriazol-2-yl)-4,6-ditertpentylphenol (UV-328) | 13.26 | 352.2 | 71.1, 282.3* | 22 | 25, 21 | UV-328-D12 |
2,4-Bis[4-(2-ethylhexyloxy)-2-hydroxyphenyl]-6-(4-methoxyphenyl)-1,3,5-triazine (BEMT) | 19.29 | 628.3 | 136.0*, 404.1 | 14 | 54, 42 | EHMC-D3 |
BP-2-D4 | 5.56 | 249.1 | 110.9 | ‒16 | ‒4 | / |
4-OHBP-D4 | 6.66 | 200.9 | 95.8 | ‒30 | ‒6 | / |
BP-8-D3 | 6.71 | 246.1 | 125.9 | ‒20 | ‒18 | / |
BP-1-D5 | 6.89 | 218.1 | 134.9 | ‒20 | ‒36 | / |
BP-3-D3 | 7.42 | 230.0 | 166.9 | ‒16 | ‒44 | / |
UV-P-D3 | 8.63 | 229.0 | 81.9 | 2 | 26 | / |
4-MBC-D4 | 9.02 | 259.1 | 98.1 | 26 | 18 | / |
OC-13C3 | 10.71 | 364.9 | 252.9 | 40 | 18 | / |
EHMC-D3 | 11.76 | 293.9 | 181.9 | 14 | 8 | / |
AVO-13CD | 11.79 | 315.1 | 161.0 | 6 | 24 | / |
EHS-D4 | 11.95 | 252.9 | 140.9 | ‒20 | ‒18 | / |
HMS-D4 | 12.03 | 264.9 | 140.9 | ‒16 | ‒18 | / |
UV-329-13C6 | 12.44 | 330.2 | 56.9 | 56 | 24 | / |
UV-326-D3 | 13.01 | 319.0 | 263.0 | 4 | 18 | / |
UV-328-D12 | 13.22 | 364.3 | 289.3 | 2 | 24 | / |
Table 1 MS parameters of the 22 organic ultraviolet absorbers (OUVs) and 15 internal standards
Compound | Retention time/min | Parent ion (m/z) | Daughter ions (m/z) | CV/V | CEs/eV | Internal standard |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
4′-Methoxyacetophenone (4′-MAP) | 5.57 | 151.1 | 42.9*, 93.9 | 18 | 12, 20 | EHMC-D3 |
2,2′,4,4′-Tetrahydroxybenzophenone (BP-2) | 5.59 | 245.0 | 91.0, 135.0* | ‒10 | ‒28, ‒16 | BP-2-D4 |
4-Hydroxybenzophenone (4-OHBP) | 6.67 | 196.9 | 91.9*, 120.1 | ‒10 | ‒26, ‒24 | 4-OHBP-D4 |
2,2′-Dihydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone (BP-8) | 6.72 | 243.9 | 93.1*, 123.5 | ‒20 | ‒22, ‒16 | BP-8-D3 |
2,4-Dihydroxybenzophenone (BP-1) | 6.89 | 212.9 | 91.0, 135.0* | ‒16 | ‒24, ‒20 | BP-1-D5 |
Oxybenzone (BP-3) | 7.42 | 227.1 | 167.0, 211.2* | ‒8 | ‒34, ‒16 | BP-3-D3 |
3-Benzylidene camphor (3-BC) | 8.29 | 241.2 | 91.0*, 157.1 | 10 | 32, 16 | 4-MBC-D4 |
2-(2-Hydroxy-5-methylphenyl)benzotriazole (UV-P) | 8.65 | 226.1 | 107.0, 120.0* | 12 | 20, 18 | UV-P-D3 |
4-Methylbenzylidene camphor (4-MBC) | 9.07 | 259.1 | 97.1, 105.0* | 28 | 18, 26 | 4-MBC-D4 |
Diethylaminohydroxybenzoylhexyl benzoate (DHHB) | 9.57 | 398.3 | 148.9*, 233.2 | 30 | 18, 10 | OC-13C3 |
Octocrylene (OC) | 10.77 | 362.5 | 232.3*, 250.1 | 20 | 20, 20 | OC-13C3 |
2-Cyano-3,3-diphenylpropenoic acid (CDAA) | 10.78 | 250.0 | 201.0, 207.0* | 20 | 25, 15 | OC-13C3 |
Avobenzone (AVO) | 11.75 | 310.9 | 134.9, 161.2* | 20 | 20, 20 | AVO-13CD |
Ethylhexyl methoxycinnamate (EHMC) | 11.76 | 290.9 | 160.8*, 179.1 | 16 | 12, 12 | EHMC-D3 |
4-Methoxycinnamic acid (4-MCA) | 11.77 | 178.9 | 132.9*, 117.9 | 18 | 18, 24 | EHMC-D3 |
Ethylhexyl salicylate (EHS) | 11.96 | 249.0 | 93.0, 249.0* | ‒15 | ‒5, ‒22 | EHS-D4 |
Homosalate (HMS) | 12.04 | 261.0 | 93.0, 137.0* | ‒18 | ‒18, ‒18 | HMS-D4 |
2-(2H-Benzotriazol-2-yl)-4-methyl-6-(2-propenyl)phenol (UV-9) | 12.06 | 266.3 | 119.0*, 147.0 | 15 | 18, 16 | EHS-D4 |
2-(2′-Hydroxy-5′-(1-1-3-3-tetramethylbutyl)phenyl)benzotriazole (UV-329) | 12.46 | 324.2 | 57.0, 212.1* | 4 | 26, 22 | UV-329-13C6 |
2-(5-Chlor-2H-benzotriazol-2-yl)-6-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-4-methyl-phenol (UV-326) | 13.04 | 316.1 | 57.0, 106.9* | 50 | 24, 24 | UV-326-D3 |
2-(2H-Benzotriazol-2-yl)-4,6-ditertpentylphenol (UV-328) | 13.26 | 352.2 | 71.1, 282.3* | 22 | 25, 21 | UV-328-D12 |
2,4-Bis[4-(2-ethylhexyloxy)-2-hydroxyphenyl]-6-(4-methoxyphenyl)-1,3,5-triazine (BEMT) | 19.29 | 628.3 | 136.0*, 404.1 | 14 | 54, 42 | EHMC-D3 |
BP-2-D4 | 5.56 | 249.1 | 110.9 | ‒16 | ‒4 | / |
4-OHBP-D4 | 6.66 | 200.9 | 95.8 | ‒30 | ‒6 | / |
BP-8-D3 | 6.71 | 246.1 | 125.9 | ‒20 | ‒18 | / |
BP-1-D5 | 6.89 | 218.1 | 134.9 | ‒20 | ‒36 | / |
BP-3-D3 | 7.42 | 230.0 | 166.9 | ‒16 | ‒44 | / |
UV-P-D3 | 8.63 | 229.0 | 81.9 | 2 | 26 | / |
4-MBC-D4 | 9.02 | 259.1 | 98.1 | 26 | 18 | / |
OC-13C3 | 10.71 | 364.9 | 252.9 | 40 | 18 | / |
EHMC-D3 | 11.76 | 293.9 | 181.9 | 14 | 8 | / |
AVO-13CD | 11.79 | 315.1 | 161.0 | 6 | 24 | / |
EHS-D4 | 11.95 | 252.9 | 140.9 | ‒20 | ‒18 | / |
HMS-D4 | 12.03 | 264.9 | 140.9 | ‒16 | ‒18 | / |
UV-329-13C6 | 12.44 | 330.2 | 56.9 | 56 | 24 | / |
UV-326-D3 | 13.01 | 319.0 | 263.0 | 4 | 18 | / |
UV-328-D12 | 13.22 | 364.3 | 289.3 | 2 | 24 | / |
Fig. 1 MRM chromatograms for the mixed standard solution of the 22 OUVs (50 ng/mL)1. 4′-MAP; 2. BP-2; 3. 4-OHBP; 4. BP-8; 5. BP-1; 6. BP-3; 7. 3-BC; 8. UV-P; 9. 4-MBC; 10. DHHB; 11. OC; 12. CDAA; 13. AVO; 14. EHMC; 15. 4-MCA; 16. EHS; 17. HMS; 18. UV-9; 19. UV-329; 20. UV-326; 21. UV-328; 22. BEMT.
Compound | Linear equation | Linear range/(ng/mL) | r | MDL/(ng/mL) | MQL/(ng/mL) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
EHS | Y=0.9996X+0.0653 | 0.33‒50 | 0.9996 | 0.10 | 0.33 |
HMS | Y=0.0413X+0.0291 | 0.17‒50 | 0.9997 | 0.08 | 0.17 |
EHMC | Y=0.0279X+0.0012 | 0.17‒50 | 0.9999 | 0.09 | 0.17 |
4′-MAP | Y=0.1410X+0.0509 | 0.49‒50 | 0.9998 | 0.15 | 0.49 |
4-MCA | Y=0.0492X+0.0059 | 0.12‒50 | 0.9997 | 0.10 | 0.12 |
AVO | Y=0.1362X+0.0243 | 0.05‒50 | 0.9999 | 0.02 | 0.05 |
OC | Y=0.0351X+0.0003 | 0.37‒50 | 0.9997 | 0.20 | 0.37 |
CDAA | Y=0.0001X+0.0003 | 1.60‒50 | 0.9997 | 0.48 | 1.60 |
4-MBC | Y=0.3431X+0.1090 | 0.26‒50 | 0.9999 | 0.08 | 0.26 |
3-BC | Y=0.4006X+0.0419 | 0.09‒50 | 0.9996 | 0.03 | 0.09 |
UV-P | Y=0.1367X+0.0364 | 0.27‒50 | 0.9999 | 0.12 | 0.27 |
UV-9 | Y=1.5741X+0.2905 | 0.01‒50 | 0.9993 | 0.06 | 0.19 |
UV-326 | Y=0.0154X+0.0095 | 0.25‒50 | 0.9998 | 0.10 | 0.25 |
UV-328 | Y=0.4156X+0.2289 | 0.15‒50 | 0.9996 | 0.04 | 0.15 |
UV-329 | Y=0.2146X+0.1733 | 0.23‒50 | 0.9995 | 0.07 | 0.23 |
BP-1 | Y=0.0482X+0.0128 | 0.12‒50 | 0.9999 | 0.08 | 0.12 |
BP-2 | Y=0.0992X+0.0121 | 0.02‒50 | 0.9999 | 0.02 | 0.02 |
BP-3 | Y=1.2280X+0.2927 | 0.09‒50 | 0.9999 | 0.03 | 0.09 |
BP-8 | Y=0.0041X+0.0121 | 0.15‒50 | 0.9999 | 0.13 | 0.15 |
4-OHBP | Y=0.0535X+0.1349 | 0.30‒50 | 0.9999 | 0.09 | 0.30 |
BEMT | Y=0.0492X+0.0384 | 0.32‒50 | 0.9996 | 0.14 | 0.32 |
DHHB | Y=0.8267X+0.5613 | 0.11‒50 | 0.9996 | 0.03 | 0.11 |
Table 2 Linear equations, linear ranges, correlation coefficients (r), method detection limits (MDLs), and method quantification limits (MQLs) of the 22 OUVs
Compound | Linear equation | Linear range/(ng/mL) | r | MDL/(ng/mL) | MQL/(ng/mL) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
EHS | Y=0.9996X+0.0653 | 0.33‒50 | 0.9996 | 0.10 | 0.33 |
HMS | Y=0.0413X+0.0291 | 0.17‒50 | 0.9997 | 0.08 | 0.17 |
EHMC | Y=0.0279X+0.0012 | 0.17‒50 | 0.9999 | 0.09 | 0.17 |
4′-MAP | Y=0.1410X+0.0509 | 0.49‒50 | 0.9998 | 0.15 | 0.49 |
4-MCA | Y=0.0492X+0.0059 | 0.12‒50 | 0.9997 | 0.10 | 0.12 |
AVO | Y=0.1362X+0.0243 | 0.05‒50 | 0.9999 | 0.02 | 0.05 |
OC | Y=0.0351X+0.0003 | 0.37‒50 | 0.9997 | 0.20 | 0.37 |
CDAA | Y=0.0001X+0.0003 | 1.60‒50 | 0.9997 | 0.48 | 1.60 |
4-MBC | Y=0.3431X+0.1090 | 0.26‒50 | 0.9999 | 0.08 | 0.26 |
3-BC | Y=0.4006X+0.0419 | 0.09‒50 | 0.9996 | 0.03 | 0.09 |
UV-P | Y=0.1367X+0.0364 | 0.27‒50 | 0.9999 | 0.12 | 0.27 |
UV-9 | Y=1.5741X+0.2905 | 0.01‒50 | 0.9993 | 0.06 | 0.19 |
UV-326 | Y=0.0154X+0.0095 | 0.25‒50 | 0.9998 | 0.10 | 0.25 |
UV-328 | Y=0.4156X+0.2289 | 0.15‒50 | 0.9996 | 0.04 | 0.15 |
UV-329 | Y=0.2146X+0.1733 | 0.23‒50 | 0.9995 | 0.07 | 0.23 |
BP-1 | Y=0.0482X+0.0128 | 0.12‒50 | 0.9999 | 0.08 | 0.12 |
BP-2 | Y=0.0992X+0.0121 | 0.02‒50 | 0.9999 | 0.02 | 0.02 |
BP-3 | Y=1.2280X+0.2927 | 0.09‒50 | 0.9999 | 0.03 | 0.09 |
BP-8 | Y=0.0041X+0.0121 | 0.15‒50 | 0.9999 | 0.13 | 0.15 |
4-OHBP | Y=0.0535X+0.1349 | 0.30‒50 | 0.9999 | 0.09 | 0.30 |
BEMT | Y=0.0492X+0.0384 | 0.32‒50 | 0.9996 | 0.14 | 0.32 |
DHHB | Y=0.8267X+0.5613 | 0.11‒50 | 0.9996 | 0.03 | 0.11 |
Compound | N | DR/% | Minimum/(ng/mL) | Maximum/(ng/mL) | Percentile levels /(ng/mL) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
5th | 50th | 95th | |||||
4′-MAP | 17 | 15.5 | <MQL | <MQL | <MQL | <MQL | <MQL |
4-MCA | 31 | 28.2 | <MQL | 1.2 | <MQL | <MQL | 0.4 |
UV-P | 72 | 65.5 | <MQL | 9.4 | <MQL | 0.2 | 3.0 |
CDAA | 9 | 8.2 | <MQL | 11.7 | <MQL | <MQL | 2.7 |
EHMC | 6 | 5.5 | <MQL | 0.9 | <MQL | <MQL | 0.2 |
UV-326 | 27 | 24.6 | <MQL | 8.7 | <MQL | <MQL | <MQL |
UV-329 | 7 | 6.4 | <MQL | 1.4 | <MQL | <MQL | 0.5 |
UV-328 | 1 | 0.9 | <MQL | <MQL | <MQL | <MQL | <MQL |
OC | 12 | 10.9 | <MQL | 9.8 | <MQL | <MQL | 2.6 |
DHHB | 16 | 14.6 | <MQL | 0.1 | <MQL | <MQL | <MQL |
BEMT | 3 | 2.7 | <MQL | 0.6 | <MQL | <MQL | <MQL |
EHS | 49 | 44.6 | <MQL | 5.8 | <MQL | <MQL | 4.3 |
HMS | 10 | 9.1 | <MQL | 0.6 | <MQL | <MQL | <MQL |
AVO | 29 | 26.4 | <MQL | 2.7 | <MQL | <MQL | <MQL |
4-OHBP | 1 | 0.9 | <MQL | <MQL | <MQL | <MQL | <MQL |
BP-3 | 12 | 10.9 | <MQL | 0.3 | <MQL | <MQL | <MQL |
BP-8 | 0 | 0 | / | / | / | / | / |
BP-2 | 1 | 0.9 | <MQL | <MQL | <MQL | <MQL | <MQL |
4-MBC | 0 | 0 | / | / | / | / | / |
UV-9 | 0 | 0 | / | / | / | / | / |
BP-1 | 0 | 0 | / | / | / | / | / |
3-BC | 0 | 0 | / | / | / | / | / |
Table 3 Determination results of the 22 OUVs in human serum
Compound | N | DR/% | Minimum/(ng/mL) | Maximum/(ng/mL) | Percentile levels /(ng/mL) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
5th | 50th | 95th | |||||
4′-MAP | 17 | 15.5 | <MQL | <MQL | <MQL | <MQL | <MQL |
4-MCA | 31 | 28.2 | <MQL | 1.2 | <MQL | <MQL | 0.4 |
UV-P | 72 | 65.5 | <MQL | 9.4 | <MQL | 0.2 | 3.0 |
CDAA | 9 | 8.2 | <MQL | 11.7 | <MQL | <MQL | 2.7 |
EHMC | 6 | 5.5 | <MQL | 0.9 | <MQL | <MQL | 0.2 |
UV-326 | 27 | 24.6 | <MQL | 8.7 | <MQL | <MQL | <MQL |
UV-329 | 7 | 6.4 | <MQL | 1.4 | <MQL | <MQL | 0.5 |
UV-328 | 1 | 0.9 | <MQL | <MQL | <MQL | <MQL | <MQL |
OC | 12 | 10.9 | <MQL | 9.8 | <MQL | <MQL | 2.6 |
DHHB | 16 | 14.6 | <MQL | 0.1 | <MQL | <MQL | <MQL |
BEMT | 3 | 2.7 | <MQL | 0.6 | <MQL | <MQL | <MQL |
EHS | 49 | 44.6 | <MQL | 5.8 | <MQL | <MQL | 4.3 |
HMS | 10 | 9.1 | <MQL | 0.6 | <MQL | <MQL | <MQL |
AVO | 29 | 26.4 | <MQL | 2.7 | <MQL | <MQL | <MQL |
4-OHBP | 1 | 0.9 | <MQL | <MQL | <MQL | <MQL | <MQL |
BP-3 | 12 | 10.9 | <MQL | 0.3 | <MQL | <MQL | <MQL |
BP-8 | 0 | 0 | / | / | / | / | / |
BP-2 | 1 | 0.9 | <MQL | <MQL | <MQL | <MQL | <MQL |
4-MBC | 0 | 0 | / | / | / | / | / |
UV-9 | 0 | 0 | / | / | / | / | / |
BP-1 | 0 | 0 | / | / | / | / | / |
3-BC | 0 | 0 | / | / | / | / | / |
Pretreatment | Numbers of compounds | Sample volume/mL | Solvent volume/mL | Analytical method | MDL/(ng/mL) | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
LLE | 7 | 1 | 5 | LC-MS/MS | - | [ |
PPT | 6 | 0.1 | 0.1 | LC-MS/MS | 0.08‒0.27 | [ |
DLLME | 4 | 1 | 1 | UHPLC | - | [ |
- | 3 | 0.15 | 0.45 | LC-MS/MS | 1.1‒6.5 | [ |
DLLME | 1 | 1 | 2.7 | GC-AEI-MS/MS | 0.1 | [ |
PPT | 5 | 0.15 | 0.5 | HPLC-MS/MS | 0.1‒0.4 | [ |
PPT+ELR | 22 | 0.05 | 0.4 | UPLC-MS/MS | 0.02‒0.48 | this study |
Table 4 Comparison between this method and the literature methods
Pretreatment | Numbers of compounds | Sample volume/mL | Solvent volume/mL | Analytical method | MDL/(ng/mL) | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
LLE | 7 | 1 | 5 | LC-MS/MS | - | [ |
PPT | 6 | 0.1 | 0.1 | LC-MS/MS | 0.08‒0.27 | [ |
DLLME | 4 | 1 | 1 | UHPLC | - | [ |
- | 3 | 0.15 | 0.45 | LC-MS/MS | 1.1‒6.5 | [ |
DLLME | 1 | 1 | 2.7 | GC-AEI-MS/MS | 0.1 | [ |
PPT | 5 | 0.15 | 0.5 | HPLC-MS/MS | 0.1‒0.4 | [ |
PPT+ELR | 22 | 0.05 | 0.4 | UPLC-MS/MS | 0.02‒0.48 | this study |
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Abstract 117
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