Chinese Journal of Chromatography ›› 2025, Vol. 43 ›› Issue (6): 630-639.DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1123.2025.01006
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WANG Huawei1, SHI Shiyu2, LIU Ling2, CHEN Ding1, LYU Zhixian2, SONG Ziyi2, WANG Youjie3, SONG Lulu3, MEI Surong2,*()
Received:
2025-01-07
Online:
2025-06-08
Published:
2025-05-21
Supported by:
CLC Number:
WANG Huawei, SHI Shiyu, LIU Ling, CHEN Ding, LYU Zhixian, SONG Ziyi, WANG Youjie, SONG Lulu, MEI Surong. Internal exposure characteristics and health risk assessment of organophosphate esters in urban residents[J]. Chinese Journal of Chromatography, 2025, 43(6): 630-639.
ESI‒ | ESI+ | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Time/min | φ(A)/% | φ(B)/% | Time/min | φ(C)/% | φ(D)/% |
0 | 90 | 10 | 0 | 70 | 30 |
2.0 | 75 | 25 | 2.0 | 25 | 75 |
5.0 | 75 | 25 | 5.0 | 20 | 80 |
5.5 | 50 | 50 | 5.5 | 10 | 90 |
7.5 | 50 | 50 | 7.5 | 5 | 95 |
9.0 | 5 | 95 | 9.0 | 5 | 95 |
14.0 | 5 | 95 | 11.0 | 0 | 100 |
14.5 | 90 | 10 | 16.0 | 0 | 100 |
17.0 | 90 | 10 | 17.0 | 70 | 30 |
20.0 | 70 | 30 |
Table 1 Gradient elution procedure
ESI‒ | ESI+ | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Time/min | φ(A)/% | φ(B)/% | Time/min | φ(C)/% | φ(D)/% |
0 | 90 | 10 | 0 | 70 | 30 |
2.0 | 75 | 25 | 2.0 | 25 | 75 |
5.0 | 75 | 25 | 5.0 | 20 | 80 |
5.5 | 50 | 50 | 5.5 | 10 | 90 |
7.5 | 50 | 50 | 7.5 | 5 | 95 |
9.0 | 5 | 95 | 9.0 | 5 | 95 |
14.0 | 5 | 95 | 11.0 | 0 | 100 |
14.5 | 90 | 10 | 16.0 | 0 | 100 |
17.0 | 90 | 10 | 17.0 | 70 | 30 |
20.0 | 70 | 30 |
Compound | ESI mode | Precursor ion (m/z) | Product ion (m/z) | Collision energy/V |
---|---|---|---|---|
Bis(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (BDCIPP) | ‒ | 319 | 37 | 5 |
317 | 35 | 5 | ||
1-Hydroxy-2-propyl bis(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (BCIPHIPP) | ‒ | 309 | 175 | 4 |
309 | 99 | 17 | ||
Tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP) | + | 285 | 99 | 21 |
285 | 63 | 29 | ||
Dibutyl phosphate (DNBP) | ‒ | 209 | 153 | 9 |
209 | 79 | 20 | ||
4-Hydroxyphenyl-phenyl phosphate (4-HO-DPHP) | ‒ | 265 | 108 | 50 |
265 | 93 | 30 | ||
Diphenyl phosphate (DPHP) | ‒ | 249 | 155 | 15 |
249 | 93 | 30 | ||
Di-o-cresyl phosphate (DoCP)/di-p-cresyl phosphate (DpCP) | ‒ | 277 | 107 | 28 |
277 | 79 | 36 | ||
Bis(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (BBOEP) | ‒ | 297 | 197 | 10 |
297 | 79 | 25 | ||
Bis(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (BCIPP) | ‒ | 251 | 35 | 5 |
249 | 35 | 5 | ||
3-Hydroxyphenyl-diphenyl phosphate (3-HO-TPHP) | ‒ | 341 | 249 | 17 |
341 | 93 | 37 | ||
4-Hydroxyphenyl-diphenyl phosphate (4-HO-TPHP) | ‒ | 341 | 249 | 17 |
341 | 93 | 37 | ||
Bis(2-butoxyethyl) 3′-hydroxy-2-butoxyethyl phosphate (HO-TBOEP) | + | 415 | 99 | 33 |
415 | 45 | 25 | ||
2-Ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl diphenyl phosphate (5-HO-EHDPP) | + | 379 | 251 | 5 |
379 | 153 | 30 | ||
2-Hydroxyethyl bis(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (BBOEHEP) | + | 343 | 243 | 4 |
343 | 45 | 17 | ||
2-Ethylhexyl phenyl phosphate (EHPHP) | ‒ | 285 | 93 | 33 |
285 | 79 | 40 |
Table 2 MS parameters of organophosphate ester (OPE) metabolites
Compound | ESI mode | Precursor ion (m/z) | Product ion (m/z) | Collision energy/V |
---|---|---|---|---|
Bis(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (BDCIPP) | ‒ | 319 | 37 | 5 |
317 | 35 | 5 | ||
1-Hydroxy-2-propyl bis(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (BCIPHIPP) | ‒ | 309 | 175 | 4 |
309 | 99 | 17 | ||
Tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP) | + | 285 | 99 | 21 |
285 | 63 | 29 | ||
Dibutyl phosphate (DNBP) | ‒ | 209 | 153 | 9 |
209 | 79 | 20 | ||
4-Hydroxyphenyl-phenyl phosphate (4-HO-DPHP) | ‒ | 265 | 108 | 50 |
265 | 93 | 30 | ||
Diphenyl phosphate (DPHP) | ‒ | 249 | 155 | 15 |
249 | 93 | 30 | ||
Di-o-cresyl phosphate (DoCP)/di-p-cresyl phosphate (DpCP) | ‒ | 277 | 107 | 28 |
277 | 79 | 36 | ||
Bis(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (BBOEP) | ‒ | 297 | 197 | 10 |
297 | 79 | 25 | ||
Bis(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (BCIPP) | ‒ | 251 | 35 | 5 |
249 | 35 | 5 | ||
3-Hydroxyphenyl-diphenyl phosphate (3-HO-TPHP) | ‒ | 341 | 249 | 17 |
341 | 93 | 37 | ||
4-Hydroxyphenyl-diphenyl phosphate (4-HO-TPHP) | ‒ | 341 | 249 | 17 |
341 | 93 | 37 | ||
Bis(2-butoxyethyl) 3′-hydroxy-2-butoxyethyl phosphate (HO-TBOEP) | + | 415 | 99 | 33 |
415 | 45 | 25 | ||
2-Ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl diphenyl phosphate (5-HO-EHDPP) | + | 379 | 251 | 5 |
379 | 153 | 30 | ||
2-Hydroxyethyl bis(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (BBOEHEP) | + | 343 | 243 | 4 |
343 | 45 | 17 | ||
2-Ethylhexyl phenyl phosphate (EHPHP) | ‒ | 285 | 93 | 33 |
285 | 79 | 40 |
Compound | LOD/(ng/mL) | Detection rate/% | Levels of OPE metabolites in urine/(ng/mL) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Geometric mean | Percentile | |||||||
P5 | P25 | P50 | P75 | P95 | ||||
BDCIPP | 0.06 | 60.7 | 0.12 | <LOD | <LOD | 0.10 | 0.23 | 0.81 |
BCIPHIPP | 0.10 | 92.8 | 0.35 | <LOD | 0.21 | 0.36 | 0.58 | 1.23 |
TCEP | 0.09 | 55.9 | 0.15 | <LOD | <LOD | 0.12 | 0.32 | 0.94 |
DNBP | 0.06 | 22.5 | <LOD | <LOD | <LOD | <LOD | <LOD | 1.32 |
4-HO-DPHP | 0.04 | 62.2 | 0.15 | <LOD | <LOD | 0.12 | 0.42 | 3.50 |
DPHP | 0.04 | 88.0 | 0.11 | <LOD | 0.06 | 0.11 | 0.19 | 0.45 |
DoCP/DpCP | 0.03 | 90.6 | 0.10 | <LOD | 0.06 | 0.09 | 0.16 | 0.43 |
BBOEP | 0.01 | 96.9 | 0.46 | 0.03 | 0.22 | 0.56 | 1.22 | 3.11 |
Table 3 Distribution of OPE metabolite contents in the urine of urban residents
Compound | LOD/(ng/mL) | Detection rate/% | Levels of OPE metabolites in urine/(ng/mL) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Geometric mean | Percentile | |||||||
P5 | P25 | P50 | P75 | P95 | ||||
BDCIPP | 0.06 | 60.7 | 0.12 | <LOD | <LOD | 0.10 | 0.23 | 0.81 |
BCIPHIPP | 0.10 | 92.8 | 0.35 | <LOD | 0.21 | 0.36 | 0.58 | 1.23 |
TCEP | 0.09 | 55.9 | 0.15 | <LOD | <LOD | 0.12 | 0.32 | 0.94 |
DNBP | 0.06 | 22.5 | <LOD | <LOD | <LOD | <LOD | <LOD | 1.32 |
4-HO-DPHP | 0.04 | 62.2 | 0.15 | <LOD | <LOD | 0.12 | 0.42 | 3.50 |
DPHP | 0.04 | 88.0 | 0.11 | <LOD | 0.06 | 0.11 | 0.19 | 0.45 |
DoCP/DpCP | 0.03 | 90.6 | 0.10 | <LOD | 0.06 | 0.09 | 0.16 | 0.43 |
BBOEP | 0.01 | 96.9 | 0.46 | 0.03 | 0.22 | 0.56 | 1.22 | 3.11 |
Influencing factor | β (95% CI) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
BDCIPP | BCIPHIPP | 4-HO-DPHP | DPHP | DoCP/DpCP | BBOEP | |
Gender | ||||||
Male | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Female | -0.104(-0.162, -0.046) | -0.061 (-0.100, -0.021) | 0.561 (0.042, 1.080) | -0.008 (-0.04, 0.025) | -0.021 (-0.06, 0.018) | -0.238 (-0.362, -0.114) |
Age (years) | 0.001 (-0.002, 0.003) | -0.003 (-0.004, -0.001) | 0.014 (-0.008, 0.035) | -0.002 (-0.003, -0.001) | -0.001 (-0.003, 0) | 0.001 (-0.004, 0.006) |
BMI (kg/m²) | 0.002 (-0.006, 0.010) | 0.009 (0.003, 0.014) | 0.008 (-0.06, 0.077) | -0.002 (-0.006, 0.003) | -0.004 (-0.009, 0.001) | 0.001 (-0.015, 0.018) |
Educational level | 0.010 (-0.015, 0.036) | -0.007 (-0.024, 0.01) | 0.088 (-0.136, 0.313) | -0.011 (-0.025, 0.003) | -0.009 (-0.026, 0.008) | 0.028 (-0.026, 0.082) |
Family income | -0.001 (-0.018, 0.015) | 0.014 (0.003, 0.025) | 0.079 (-0.069, 0.227) | 0.002 (-0.007, 0.011) | 0.013 (0.002, 0.024) | -0.009 (-0.044, 0.027) |
Smoking habit | ||||||
No | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Yes | -0.021 (-0.066, 0.024) | 0.010 (-0.021, 0.041) | -0.198 (-0.602, 0.206) | -0.002 (-0.027, 0.024) | 0.007 (-0.023, 0.038) | -0.082 (-0.178, 0.014) |
Exercise frequency (times/week) | -0.086 (-0.139, -0.032) | -0.049 (-0.085, -0.012) | -0.379 (-0.854, 0.097) | 0.015 (-0.015, 0.044) | 0.022 (-0.014, 0.058) | 0.013 (-0.100, 0.127) |
Diet | ||||||
Meet (times/week) | -0.072 (-0.193, 0.048) | -0.054 (-0.136, 0.029) | 0.071 (-1.002, 1.144) | -0.013 (-0.08, 0.054) | 0.030 (-0.051, 0.111) | 0.033 (-0.223, 0.289) |
Poultry (times/week) | -0.003 (-0.061, 0.054) | -0.014 (-0.053, 0.025) | 0.284 (-0.23, 0.797) | 0.006 (-0.026, 0.038) | 0.009 (-0.03, 0.048) | -0.035 (-0.158, 0.088) |
Vegetable (times/week) | 0.038 (-0.202, 0.277) | 0.152 (-0.011, 0.316) | 0.869 (-1.261, 2.999) | -0.011 (-0.144, 0.122) | -0.114 (-0.275, 0.047) | -0.319 (-0.827, 0.19) |
Egg (times/week) | -0.070 (-0.164, 0.024) | 0.013 (-0.05, 0.077) | -0.223 (-1.053, 0.606) | -0.015 (-0.067, 0.037) | 0.026 (-0.036, 0.089) | 0.126 (-0.072, 0.324) |
Fruit (times/week) | -0.026 (-0.1, 0.047) | -0.051 (-0.102, -0.001) | -0.140 (-0.796, 0.516) | -0.006 (-0.047, 0.035) | 0.015 (-0.034, 0.065) | -0.012 (-0.168, 0.145) |
Milk (times/week) | -0.033 (-0.088, 0.022) | 0.036 (-0.002, 0.073) | 0.337 (-0.154, 0.828) | 0.009 (-0.022, 0.039) | 0.031 (-0.006, 0.068) | 0.056 (-0.061, 0.173) |
Nut (times/week) | 0.014 (-0.037, 0.065) | -0.016 (-0.051, 0.019) | -0.471 (-0.926, -0.015) | 0.006 (-0.023, 0.034) | -0.017 (-0.051, 0.017) | -0.053 (-0.162, 0.055) |
Pickle (times/week) | 0.019 (-0.028, 0.067) | 0.011 (-0.021, 0.044) | -0.116 (-0.536, 0.304) | -0.002 (-0.028, 0.024) | 0.024 (-0.008, 0.056) | 0.110 (0.009, 0.210) |
Table 4 Multiple linear regression results of influencing factors of OPE metabolite contents in urine
Influencing factor | β (95% CI) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
BDCIPP | BCIPHIPP | 4-HO-DPHP | DPHP | DoCP/DpCP | BBOEP | |
Gender | ||||||
Male | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Female | -0.104(-0.162, -0.046) | -0.061 (-0.100, -0.021) | 0.561 (0.042, 1.080) | -0.008 (-0.04, 0.025) | -0.021 (-0.06, 0.018) | -0.238 (-0.362, -0.114) |
Age (years) | 0.001 (-0.002, 0.003) | -0.003 (-0.004, -0.001) | 0.014 (-0.008, 0.035) | -0.002 (-0.003, -0.001) | -0.001 (-0.003, 0) | 0.001 (-0.004, 0.006) |
BMI (kg/m²) | 0.002 (-0.006, 0.010) | 0.009 (0.003, 0.014) | 0.008 (-0.06, 0.077) | -0.002 (-0.006, 0.003) | -0.004 (-0.009, 0.001) | 0.001 (-0.015, 0.018) |
Educational level | 0.010 (-0.015, 0.036) | -0.007 (-0.024, 0.01) | 0.088 (-0.136, 0.313) | -0.011 (-0.025, 0.003) | -0.009 (-0.026, 0.008) | 0.028 (-0.026, 0.082) |
Family income | -0.001 (-0.018, 0.015) | 0.014 (0.003, 0.025) | 0.079 (-0.069, 0.227) | 0.002 (-0.007, 0.011) | 0.013 (0.002, 0.024) | -0.009 (-0.044, 0.027) |
Smoking habit | ||||||
No | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Yes | -0.021 (-0.066, 0.024) | 0.010 (-0.021, 0.041) | -0.198 (-0.602, 0.206) | -0.002 (-0.027, 0.024) | 0.007 (-0.023, 0.038) | -0.082 (-0.178, 0.014) |
Exercise frequency (times/week) | -0.086 (-0.139, -0.032) | -0.049 (-0.085, -0.012) | -0.379 (-0.854, 0.097) | 0.015 (-0.015, 0.044) | 0.022 (-0.014, 0.058) | 0.013 (-0.100, 0.127) |
Diet | ||||||
Meet (times/week) | -0.072 (-0.193, 0.048) | -0.054 (-0.136, 0.029) | 0.071 (-1.002, 1.144) | -0.013 (-0.08, 0.054) | 0.030 (-0.051, 0.111) | 0.033 (-0.223, 0.289) |
Poultry (times/week) | -0.003 (-0.061, 0.054) | -0.014 (-0.053, 0.025) | 0.284 (-0.23, 0.797) | 0.006 (-0.026, 0.038) | 0.009 (-0.03, 0.048) | -0.035 (-0.158, 0.088) |
Vegetable (times/week) | 0.038 (-0.202, 0.277) | 0.152 (-0.011, 0.316) | 0.869 (-1.261, 2.999) | -0.011 (-0.144, 0.122) | -0.114 (-0.275, 0.047) | -0.319 (-0.827, 0.19) |
Egg (times/week) | -0.070 (-0.164, 0.024) | 0.013 (-0.05, 0.077) | -0.223 (-1.053, 0.606) | -0.015 (-0.067, 0.037) | 0.026 (-0.036, 0.089) | 0.126 (-0.072, 0.324) |
Fruit (times/week) | -0.026 (-0.1, 0.047) | -0.051 (-0.102, -0.001) | -0.140 (-0.796, 0.516) | -0.006 (-0.047, 0.035) | 0.015 (-0.034, 0.065) | -0.012 (-0.168, 0.145) |
Milk (times/week) | -0.033 (-0.088, 0.022) | 0.036 (-0.002, 0.073) | 0.337 (-0.154, 0.828) | 0.009 (-0.022, 0.039) | 0.031 (-0.006, 0.068) | 0.056 (-0.061, 0.173) |
Nut (times/week) | 0.014 (-0.037, 0.065) | -0.016 (-0.051, 0.019) | -0.471 (-0.926, -0.015) | 0.006 (-0.023, 0.034) | -0.017 (-0.051, 0.017) | -0.053 (-0.162, 0.055) |
Pickle (times/week) | 0.019 (-0.028, 0.067) | 0.011 (-0.021, 0.044) | -0.116 (-0.536, 0.304) | -0.002 (-0.028, 0.024) | 0.024 (-0.008, 0.056) | 0.110 (0.009, 0.210) |
Fig. 1 Daily intake (EDI) of OPEsTBOEP: tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate; TNBP: tri-n-butyl phosphate; TPHP: triphenyl phosphate; TDCIPP: tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate.
Fig. 2 Hazard quotient (HQ) and hazard index (HI) values of OPEsThe health risks of TBOEP, TNBP, TPHP, and TDCIPP were expressed as HQ values, and the total health risk of these four monomers was represented by HI value.
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