Chinese Journal of Chromatography ›› 2026, Vol. 44 ›› Issue (5): 565-574.DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1123.2025.09016
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LI Xiaofang1, WANG Ye1, FAN Fan1, ZHOU Wei1, CHEN Bin2, SHI Huajin3, CAI Guoqiang1, LIU Ying1,*(
), HE Yibo4,*(
)
Received:2025-10-14
Online:2026-05-08
Published:2026-05-07
Supported by:CLC Number:
LI Xiaofang, WANG Ye, FAN Fan, ZHOU Wei, CHEN Bin, SHI Huajin, CAI Guoqiang, LIU Ying, HE Yibo. Determination of six whitening ingredients in cosmetics by ultra performance liquid chromatography coupled with photodiode array detector and corona charged aerosol detector[J]. Chinese Journal of Chromatography, 2026, 44(5): 565-574.
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URL: https://www.chrom-china.com/EN/10.3724/SP.J.1123.2025.09016
| Step No. | Time/min | φ(Isopropanol)/% | φ(Acetonitrile)/% | φ(Buffer)/% |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 98 |
| 2 | 2.5 | 0 | 2 | 98 |
| 3 | 12 | 0 | 45 | 55 |
| 4 | 16 | 60 | 40 | 0 |
| 5 | 18 | 85 | 15 | 0 |
| 6 | 25 | 85 | 15 | 0 |
| 7 | 26 | 0 | 2 | 98 |
Table 1 Gradient elution conditions
| Step No. | Time/min | φ(Isopropanol)/% | φ(Acetonitrile)/% | φ(Buffer)/% |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 98 |
| 2 | 2.5 | 0 | 2 | 98 |
| 3 | 12 | 0 | 45 | 55 |
| 4 | 16 | 60 | 40 | 0 |
| 5 | 18 | 85 | 15 | 0 |
| 6 | 25 | 85 | 15 | 0 |
| 7 | 26 | 0 | 2 | 98 |
Fig. 1 Chromatograms of acetyl glucosamine and tranexamic acid on the different chromatographic columns using a CAD detectorFor Fig. 1a, column: HSS T3 (150 mm×2.1 mm, 1.7 μm); mobile phase A: acetonitrile; mobile phase B: 20 mmol/L ammonium acetate solution (pH adjusted to 4.5 using formic acid); gradient elution program: 0-2.5 min, 5%A, 2.5-15 min, 5%A-100%A, 15-25 min, 100%A, 25-26 min, 100%-5%A. For Fig. 1b, column: BEH C18 (150 mm×2.1 mm, 1.7 μm). Mobile phases and gradient elution program were the same as those in Fig. 1a. For Fig. 1c, column: BEH Amide (150 mm×2.1 mm, 1.7 μm); mobile phase: acetonitrile-water (80∶20, V/V); elution program: isocratic elution for 5 min.Peak identifications: 1. acetyl glucosamine; 2. tranexamic acid.
Fig. 2 Chromatograms of the four whitening ingredients on the different chromatographic columns using a PDA detectorFor Fig. 2a-2c, the columns, mobile phases, and elution programs were the same as those in Fig. 1a-1c.Peak identifications: 3. nicotinamide; 4. phenethyl resorcinol; 5. glabridin; 6. ascorbyl tetraisopalmitate.
Fig. 3 Chromatograms of acetyl glucosamine and tranexamic acid under different volume fractions of ammonium acetate buffer solution using a CAD detector
| Compound | Linear equation | r | Linear range/(μg/mL) | LOD/(μg/g) | LOQ/(μg/g) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acetylglucosamine | y=152633x+4020156 | 0.9991 | 10-400 | 50.0 | 120.0 |
| Tranexamic acid | y=180629x+4898788 | 0.9994 | 10-400 | 50.0 | 120.0 |
| Nicotinamide | y=20152.26x-111428 | 0.9992 | 10-500 | 25.0 | 60.0 |
| Phenethyl resorcinol | y=8237.66x-8067.87 | 0.9999 | 5-200 | 12.5 | 35.0 |
| Glabridin | y=27133x-62060 | 0.9999 | 5-200 | 5.0 | 12.0 |
| Ascorbyl tetraisopalmitate | y=6716.53x-169227 | 0.9999 | 10-1000 | 25.0 | 60.0 |
Table 2 Linear equations, correlation coefficients (r), linear ranges, limits of detection (LODs) and limits of quantification (LOQs) of the six whitening ingredients (n=3)
| Compound | Linear equation | r | Linear range/(μg/mL) | LOD/(μg/g) | LOQ/(μg/g) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acetylglucosamine | y=152633x+4020156 | 0.9991 | 10-400 | 50.0 | 120.0 |
| Tranexamic acid | y=180629x+4898788 | 0.9994 | 10-400 | 50.0 | 120.0 |
| Nicotinamide | y=20152.26x-111428 | 0.9992 | 10-500 | 25.0 | 60.0 |
| Phenethyl resorcinol | y=8237.66x-8067.87 | 0.9999 | 5-200 | 12.5 | 35.0 |
| Glabridin | y=27133x-62060 | 0.9999 | 5-200 | 5.0 | 12.0 |
| Ascorbyl tetraisopalmitate | y=6716.53x-169227 | 0.9999 | 10-1000 | 25.0 | 60.0 |
| Compound | Spiked/mg | Recoveries/% | RSDs/% | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Emulsion | Cream | Oil | Emulsion | Cream | Oil | ||
| Acetylglucosamine | 0.1 | 103.4 | 101.8 | 100.3 | 0.10 | 0.45 | 1.54 |
| 0.5 | 97.2 | 102.0 | 101.5 | 0.21 | 0.43 | 5.45 | |
| 2.0 | 101.8 | 99.6 | 101.2 | 0.45 | 1.21 | 3.21 | |
| Tranexamic acid | 0.1 | 101.1 | 100.4 | 108.7 | 0.54 | 1.54 | 1.58 |
| 0.5 | 100.5 | 101.7 | 102.2 | 1.21 | 1.01 | 1.20 | |
| 2.0 | 99.5 | 99.0 | 98.3 | 0.45 | 0.89 | 0.98 | |
| Nicotinamide | 0.1 | 99.9 | 97.2 | 95.6 | 0.48 | 1.21 | 1.21 |
| 0.5 | 98.2 | 96.9 | 96.2 | 1.58 | 0.99 | 0.89 | |
| 2.0 | 97.3 | 95.7 | 96.7 | 2.15 | 0.12 | 0.54 | |
| Phenethyl resorcinol | 0.1 | 98.1 | 105.4 | 103.8 | 4.58 | 1.01 | 0.57 |
| 0.5 | 93.5 | 92.7 | 99.0 | 2.15 | 0.55 | 0.56 | |
| 2.0 | 110.1 | 103.9 | 102.4 | 1.20 | 0.22 | 0.85 | |
| Glabridin | 0.1 | 98.9 | 104.3 | 101.1 | 3.51 | 0.99 | 0.78 |
| 0.5 | 92.8 | 97.4 | 93.2 | 2.14 | 0.12 | 0.75 | |
| 2.0 | 94.4 | 102.3 | 100.9 | 0.21 | 0.35 | 0.89 | |
| Ascorbyl tetraisopalmitate | 0.1 | 97.7 | 103.8 | 101.6 | 3.12 | 1.12 | 1.21 |
| 0. 5 | 95.6 | 108.0 | 99.4 | 0.25 | 1.54 | 1.54 | |
| 2.0 | 100.7 | 109.2 | 104.5 | 0.21 | 1.56 | 3.69 | |
Table 3 Spiked recoveries and precisions of the six whitening ingredients in cosmetics with different systems (n=6)
| Compound | Spiked/mg | Recoveries/% | RSDs/% | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Emulsion | Cream | Oil | Emulsion | Cream | Oil | ||
| Acetylglucosamine | 0.1 | 103.4 | 101.8 | 100.3 | 0.10 | 0.45 | 1.54 |
| 0.5 | 97.2 | 102.0 | 101.5 | 0.21 | 0.43 | 5.45 | |
| 2.0 | 101.8 | 99.6 | 101.2 | 0.45 | 1.21 | 3.21 | |
| Tranexamic acid | 0.1 | 101.1 | 100.4 | 108.7 | 0.54 | 1.54 | 1.58 |
| 0.5 | 100.5 | 101.7 | 102.2 | 1.21 | 1.01 | 1.20 | |
| 2.0 | 99.5 | 99.0 | 98.3 | 0.45 | 0.89 | 0.98 | |
| Nicotinamide | 0.1 | 99.9 | 97.2 | 95.6 | 0.48 | 1.21 | 1.21 |
| 0.5 | 98.2 | 96.9 | 96.2 | 1.58 | 0.99 | 0.89 | |
| 2.0 | 97.3 | 95.7 | 96.7 | 2.15 | 0.12 | 0.54 | |
| Phenethyl resorcinol | 0.1 | 98.1 | 105.4 | 103.8 | 4.58 | 1.01 | 0.57 |
| 0.5 | 93.5 | 92.7 | 99.0 | 2.15 | 0.55 | 0.56 | |
| 2.0 | 110.1 | 103.9 | 102.4 | 1.20 | 0.22 | 0.85 | |
| Glabridin | 0.1 | 98.9 | 104.3 | 101.1 | 3.51 | 0.99 | 0.78 |
| 0.5 | 92.8 | 97.4 | 93.2 | 2.14 | 0.12 | 0.75 | |
| 2.0 | 94.4 | 102.3 | 100.9 | 0.21 | 0.35 | 0.89 | |
| Ascorbyl tetraisopalmitate | 0.1 | 97.7 | 103.8 | 101.6 | 3.12 | 1.12 | 1.21 |
| 0. 5 | 95.6 | 108.0 | 99.4 | 0.25 | 1.54 | 1.54 | |
| 2.0 | 100.7 | 109.2 | 104.5 | 0.21 | 1.56 | 3.69 | |
Fig. 7 Chromatograms of interference test of common humectants and preservatives in cosmetics on the six whitening ingredientsPeak identifications were the same as those in Figs. 1 and 2.
| Sample No. | Compound | Content/% |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | acetylglucosamine | 1.54 |
| nicotinamide | 2.29 | |
| 2 | tranexamic acid | 1.61 |
| 3 | nicotinamide | 1.85 |
| phenethyl resorcinol | 0.15 | |
| glabridin | 0.03 | |
| 4 | nicotinamide | 0.25 |
| phenethyl resorcinol | 0.52 | |
| 5 | nicotinamide | 1.50 |
| ascorbyl tetraisopalmitate | 0.09 | |
| 6 | nicotinamide | 0.19 |
| phenethyl resorcinol | 0.02 | |
| 7 | ascorbyl tetraisopalmitate | 3.08 |
Table 4 Detection results of the six whitening ingredients in the seven cosmetic samples (n=3)
| Sample No. | Compound | Content/% |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | acetylglucosamine | 1.54 |
| nicotinamide | 2.29 | |
| 2 | tranexamic acid | 1.61 |
| 3 | nicotinamide | 1.85 |
| phenethyl resorcinol | 0.15 | |
| glabridin | 0.03 | |
| 4 | nicotinamide | 0.25 |
| phenethyl resorcinol | 0.52 | |
| 5 | nicotinamide | 1.50 |
| ascorbyl tetraisopalmitate | 0.09 | |
| 6 | nicotinamide | 0.19 |
| phenethyl resorcinol | 0.02 | |
| 7 | ascorbyl tetraisopalmitate | 3.08 |
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